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All Journal JURNAL PENELITIAN KESMASY COVID-19 : Journal of Health, Medical Records and Pharmacy
Fitri Handayani
University of North Sumatra
Humanities Chemistry Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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Narrative Review: Social and Cultural Determinants of Chronic Energy Deficiency among Women in Developing Countries Fitri Handayani
COVID-19 : Journal of Health, Medical Records and Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 01 (2025): COVID-19 : Journal of Health, Medical Records and Pharmacy
Publisher : CV. Devitara

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Abstract

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) among women remains a major nutritional problem in developing countries and has significant impacts on maternal health, pregnancy outcomes, and future generations. The high prevalence of CED indicates that this issue is not solely related to inadequate nutrient intake, but is also influenced by structural social and cultural determinants that interact with one another. This article aims to examine the role of social and cultural determinants in the occurrence of CED among women in developing countries. This article was developed using a narrative review approach based on open-access journal articles, official reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, as well as population-based and qualitative studies published between 2016 and 2025. The keywords used included chronic energy deficiency, women, social determinants, and cultural factors. Relevant articles were selected based on topic relevance, developing country context, and a focus on women, and were then thematically analyzed to identify recurring patterns of social and cultural determinants. The findings indicate that poverty, low levels of education, limited access to nutritious food, gender inequality, and women’s workload significantly contribute to the occurrence of CED. In addition, cultural norms and practices related to intra-household food distribution and specific food taboos further exacerbate women’s vulnerability to CED, particularly during the reproductive age. Chronic Energy Deficiency among women is a structural problem that requires nutrition interventions sensitive to social and cultural contexts as well as gender equity in order to achieve sustainable improvements in nutritional status.
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AND MID-UPPER ARM CIRCUMFERENCE–BASED RISK OF CHRONIC ENERGY DEFICIENCY AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE: A NARRATIVE REVIEW Hengki Frengki Manullang; Rizka Annisa; Fithri Handayani Lubis; Fitri Handayani
Jurnal Penelitian Kesmasy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Penelitian Kesmasy
Publisher : Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Institut Kesehatan Deli Husada Delitua

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36656/k3y0p345

Abstract

Chronic energy deficiency (CED) remains a nutritional concern among women of reproductive age, shaped in part by socioeconomic circumstances and access to adequate food. Identifying CED risk through mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement is particularly important during the preconception period. This review aimed to examine the associations of education, income, employment, and household food security with CED risk among non-pregnant women aged 15–35 years. A narrative literature review was conducted using eight primary research articles. Findings were descriptively analyzed and synthesized across four socioeconomic determinants, considering population characteristics, MUAC-based indicators, and variations in reported associations. Several studies reported significant associations between educational attainment, employment, household food security, and CED risk or low MUAC. Lower educational attainment and household food insecurity were generally associated with greater odds of CED, whereas findings regarding income varied across study settings. Differences in participant characteristics and outcome definitions limited direct comparisons of effect estimates. Socioeconomic factors are associated with CED risk among women of reproductive age, although the consistency of evidence varies across determinants. Preconception nutrition strategies should integrate nutrition literacy, economic circumstances, employment conditions, and household food access. Further research using more consistent population criteria and MUAC-based definitions is needed to strengthen the evidence specifically for non-pregnant women aged 15–35 years.
Co-Authors Fithri Handayani Lubis Hengki Frengki Manullang Rizka Annisa