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All Journal Buletin Veteriner Udayana
Muhammad Ardiansyah Nurdin
Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245, Indonesia
Immunology & microbiology Public Health Veterinary

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PAIN ETHOGRAM MAPPING: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN CATTLE INFECTED WITH FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE USING A VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE Muhammad Ardiansyah Nurdin; Fika Yuliza Purba; Nur ALif Bahmid; Irwan Ismail; Subaedy Yusuf; Muhammad Fath Maulana Binar Uskar; Muhammad Fathiyakan Thamrin; Nadisya Aulia; Frinth Azarya Kuriakos Ngopo; Christin Oktavia; Amelia Ramadhani Anshar
Buletin Veteriner Udayana Bul. Vet. Udayana. April 2026 Vol. 18 No. 2
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/bulvet.2026.v18.i02.p03

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that causes severe pain and compromises cattle welfare. Objective pain assessment is challenging but essential for effective therapeutic management. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the pain profile in FMD-infected cattle by validating the use of the visual analog scale (VAS) through a multidimensional analysis of pain behavioral manifestations. To ensure robustness, the validation process included inter-rater reliability assessments and a comparison with established pain indicators, addressing concerns about the VAS's reproducibility. This qualitative descriptive study was conducted on 15 FMD-infected cattle in Makassar City and Gowa Regency. Pain intensity was evaluated using the VAS based on direct observation of a series of behavioral parameters. The results indicated heterogeneity in pain intensity across parameters. Locomotor deficits, such as lameness and slowness, as well as agitation (restlessness), consistently correlated with moderate pain levels. Conversely, interactive responses, such as aggression and most postural changes, were identified in the mild pain category. It was concluded that the VAS is a valid and reliable instrument for multidimensional pain assessment in FMD-infected cattle, with mobility and agitation being the most significant markers for the early detection of moderate pain.
Co-Authors Amelia Ramadhani Anshar Christin Oktavia Fika Yuliza Purba Frinth Azarya Kuriakos Ngopo Irwan Ismail Muhammad Fath Maulana Binar Uskar Muhammad Fathiyakan Thamrin Nadisya Aulia Nur ALif Bahmid Subaedy Yusuf