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All Journal Golden Ratio of Auditing Research Golden Ratio of Taxation Studies
W. Widyasari
Universitas Tarumanagara
Economics, Econometrics & Finance Social Sciences

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Carbon Management Accounting, Profitability, and Carbon Tax Intensity: The Moderating Role of the Energy Mix Adinda Dwika Rahma; W. Widyasari
Golden Ratio of Auditing Research Vol. 7 No. 1 (2027): July - January
Publisher : Manunggal Halim Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52970/grar.v7i1.2393

Abstract

The energy sector is the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia and is the first sector subject to the carbon tax under Law No. 7 of 2021 on the Harmonization of Tax Regulations. This study investigates the effect of Carbon Management Accounting (CMA) on profitability and carbon tax intensity, while examining the moderating role of the energy mix, measured by the consumption ratios of coal, diesel, and biodiesel. Unlike previous studies that proxy CMA using disclosure indices or PROPER ratings, this study measures CMA directly based on the quantification of Scope 1 carbon footprint using emission factors from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 and Indonesia's Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) Tier 2. The sample consists of six coal mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2020–2024 period, yielding 30 firm-year observations selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) based on a Fixed Effects Model with White cross-section robust standard errors in EViews 13. The results indicate that CMA has no significant effect on profitability, measured by Return on Equity (ROE), across all models (p = 0.8133, 0.3268, and 0.4930), and none of the three energy mix ratios moderates this relationship. In contrast, CMA has a significant positive effect on carbon tax intensity in both the diesel model (β = 0.00138, p = 0.0026) and the biodiesel model (β = 0.00348, p = 0.0020). Furthermore, all three energy mix ratios significantly moderate this relationship. The coal consumption ratio strengthens the positive effect of CMA on carbon tax intensity (β = 0.00567, p = 0.0028), whereas the diesel (β = −0.00216, p = 0.0186) and biodiesel (β = −0.00348, p = 0.0059) consumption ratios weaken it. These findings suggest that the benefits of CMA are more evident in reducing carbon tax exposure than in improving firms' short-term profitability.
Corporate Tax Avoidance and Its Influencing Factors: The Roles of Transfer Pricing, Thin Capitalization, Profitability, Fixed Asset Intensity, and Foreign Ownership Isti Mulyasari; W. Widyasari
Golden Ratio of Taxation Studies Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): June - November
Publisher : Manunggal Halim Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52970/grts.v6i2.2392

Abstract

Taxes are a primary source of state revenue that plays a crucial role in financing national development. However, companies often implement various tax planning strategies to reduce their tax burden, one of which is tax avoidance. This study examines the effect of transfer pricing, thin capitalization, profitability, fixed asset intensity, and foreign ownership on tax avoidance among consumer non-cyclicals companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2021–2024 period. This study employs a quantitative research design using secondary data collected from the companies’ annual financial reports. The sample was selected through purposive sampling, resulting in 29 companies with a total of 116 firm-year observations. Panel data regression analysis was employed using the Common Effect Model (CEM) as the most appropriate estimation model. The empirical results reveal that profitability has a positive and statistically significant effect on tax avoidance, indicating that more profitable firms tend to engage in higher levels of tax avoidance. In contrast, foreign ownership has a negative and statistically significant effect on tax avoidance, suggesting that greater foreign ownership is associated with lower tax avoidance practices. Meanwhile, transfer pricing, thin capitalization, and fixed asset intensity exhibit no statistically significant effect on tax avoidance. These findings indicate that profitability and ownership structure are important determinants of corporate tax avoidance, whereas financing decisions, related-party transactions, and asset composition do not significantly influence tax avoidance in the observed companies. This study contributes to the tax avoidance literature by providing empirical evidence from the Indonesian consumer non-cyclicals sector and offers insights for policymakers and corporate management in developing more effective tax governance and regulatory policies.
Co-Authors Adinda Dwika Rahma Isti Mulyasari