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A Study on the Comparative Diagnostic Performance of Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rapid Diagnostic Technique and Microscopy in the three Northern Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria Chibuzor Obiorah Sylvester; Allahnanan Emmanuel; Peace Christopher Njideka; Chukwuebuka Igboaka Duke
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i2.5442

This study is conducted to compare diagnostic performance of Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rapid Diagnostic Techniqu`e and Microscopy. Nested PCR, RDT and Microscopy methods were used to screen for P. falciparum in the study populations. From site Jalingo, 85(75.9%), 70(62.5%) and 97(86.6%) samples were positive using nested PCR, RDT and Microscopy, while 27(24.1%), 42(37.5%) and 15(13.4%) were negative respectively. For site Zing, 85(73.3%) were positive for PCR, while 31(26.7%) were negative; 81(69.8) were positive for RDT and 35(30.1) were negative, while 104(89.7%) were positive with Microscopy and 12(10.3%) negative. Also, 82(75.2%), 50(45.9%) and 103(94.5%) were positive respectively for nested PCR, RDT and Microscopy, while 27(24.8%), 59(54.9%) and 6(5.5%) were negative respectively for the methods from site Lau. In all, microscopy method record the highest number of positive samples. The number of True Positive (TP) and True Negative (TN) recorded are 85 and 11 for PCR and 75 and 5 for Microscopy in Jalingo, 85 and 14 for PCR and 77 and 4 for Microscopy in Zing and 82 and 9 for PCR and 82 and 6 for Microscopy in Lau. The specificity and sensitivity of RDT from Jalingo, Zing and Lau are respectively 47.8% & 95.5%, 51.8% & 95.5% and 50.0% & 96.9%. Also, the specificity and sensitivity of Microscopy are 18.55% & 88.2%, 12.9% & 90.6% and 22.2% and 100% respectively. Owing to the higher sensitivity of the PCR method compared to Microscopy and RDT, P. falciparum detection by PCR was used as the reference method. From study site Jalingo, 22 (19.6%) and 5 (4.5%) false positive results Microscopy and RDT were negative for PCR and 10 (4.5%) and 20 (9.0%) false negatives Microscopy and RDT. This shows that Microscopy has a four-fold false positive detection error rate than RDT, while RDT has a two-fold false negative detection error rate. 56 (50%) were positive for the three methods. From study site Zing, the number of false positive for Microscopy and RDT are respectively 27 (23.3%) and 8 (6.9%), while PCR corrected that were false negatives were 8 (6.9%) and 12 (10.3%) respectively. Also from site Lau, 21 (19.3%) false positives were recorded for Microscopy, while only 2 (1.8%) were recorded for RDT. Microscopy had 0 (0%) false negatives while RDT has 34 (31.2%) that were nested PCR corrected. The same trend in the number of false positives and false negatives was observed in all the three sites, while Microscopy generally has higher false positive rate, RDT has a higher false negative rate. This study underscores the clinical utility of hematological and biochemical parameters in malaria management, particularly in resource-limited settings like Nigeria. The findings highlight the importance of comprehensive diagnostic approaches and suggest integrating these adjunct tools into malaria treatment protocols to enhance patient care and outcomes.

Assessment of Allelic Distribution and Multiplicity of Infection in the Three Northern Local Government Area, Taraba State, Nigeria Chibuzor Obiorah Sylvester; Allahnanan Emmanuel; Peace Christopher Njideka; Chukwuebuka Igboaka Duke
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i2.5465

All the three allele types for MSP1- K1, MAD20 and RO33 and of MSP2- 3D7 and FC27 were identified in Zing and Lau, except in Jalingo where RO33 of the MSP1 family was not amplified. In Jalingo, mono-infection was observed in K1 with the highest frequency of 28 (25%) and MAD20 3 (2.7%). RO33 mono-infection was not seen. Mixed infection was seen in K1+MAD20, 13 (11.6%), K1+RO33, 12 (10.7%) and K1+MAD20+RO33, 15 (13.4%). In Zing, unlike Jalingo K1 has the lowest allele frequency 3 (2.6%) for mono-infections, MAD20 23 (19.8%) and RO33 26 (22.4%) with the highest frequency. Mixed infections include K1+MAD20 4 (3.4%), K1+RO33 1 (0.9%), MAD20+RO33 11 (9.5%) and K1+MAD20+RO33 17 (14.7%). In Lau, 10 (9.2%) alleles were found for K1, 20 (18.3%) for MAD20 and 4 (3.7%) RO33 mono-infections. Mixed infections include 32 (29.4%) K1+MAD20 with highest frequency, 2 (1.8%) k1+RO33, 4 (3.7%) MAD20+RO33 and 2 (1.8%) K1+MAD20+RO33. For the MSP2 family, 24 (21.4%) 3D7, 11 (9.8%) FC27 and 33 (29.5%) mixed infection of 3D7+FC27 in Jalingo. In Zing, 28 (24.1%) 3D7, 15 (12.9%) FC27 and 42 (36.2%) mixed infection of 3D7+FC27. Also, in Lau, 30 (27.5%) 3D7, 12 (11.0%) FC27 and 38 (34.9%) mixed infection of 3D7+FC27. The allelic diversity of P. falciparum MSP1 and MSP2 is mostly due to meiotic recombination events involving genetically distinct parasite clones that infect the same mosquito vector, and hence, human host. Therefore, the proportion of mixed infections and the number of clones per individual is one of the prerequisites to generate new genotypes and to increase the diversity of the parasitic population. Multiple clonal infections with different genotypes of P. falciparum were identified among the P. falciparum isolates in the study locations with a moderately high Multiplicity of Infection (MOI). Haematological and biochemical tools are recommended as an adjunct tool in the management of malaria infection especially in underdeveloped countries like Nigeria.

Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Infection Among Patients Attending Health Facilities in Northern Taraba State, Nigeria Chibuzor Obiorah Sylvester; Allahnanan Emmanuel; Peace Christopher Njideka; Chukwuebuka Igboaka Duke
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i2.5466

Plasmodium falciparum remains the primary cause of malaria-related mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, representing a significant global health challenge. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of P. falciparum infection among patients attending health facilities across the Northern Local Government Areas of Taraba State. Employing a prospective cross-sectional design, the study enrolled 1,500 participants who underwent testing for P. falciparum using Giemsa-stained blood film examination, Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT), and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Hematological parameters, including Packed Cell Volume (PCV), white blood cell counts, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), along with biochemical markers such as albumin, bilirubin, and electrolyte levels, were also assessed. The results indicated that Jalingo had the highest prevalence at 25.4%, followed by Lau with 18.8%, which is lower than the 45% reported in the same local government area (Adiel et al., 2021). Zing exhibited the lowest prevalence at 16.6%, marking this study as the first reported malaria investigation in the Zing Local Government Area. Contrary to expectations, Jalingo, the state capital, showed a higher prevalence of malaria, suggesting factors such as socio-environmental lifestyles, rural-urban migration, artificial vector breeding sites, urban agriculture, and reduced immunity among urban dwellers may contribute to this trend. The overall prevalence of malaria across the three sites was 20.27%. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive diagnostic strategies and advocate for the integration of adjunct tools into malaria treatment protocols to improve patient care and outcomes.

Assessing the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Malaria Among School Pupils in Muhammad Nya Nursery and Primary School, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria Allahnanan Emmanuel; Chibuzor Obiorah Sylvester; Grace Fred Wayas; Peace Christopher Njideka; Rasheedat Saidu Ajiya
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i2.5647

Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among school-aged children who face increased exposure to mosquito vectors. This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors among 100 pupils (aged 6–12 years) at Muhammad Nya Nursery and Primary School in a malaria-endemic region. Using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and structured questionnaires, we found an overall malaria prevalence of 82.0%, with no statistically significant differences by age group (χ² = 0.581, p > 0.05) or sex (male: 82.8%; female: 81.0%; χ² = 0.054, p > 0.05). However, environmental and behavioral risk factors showed strong associations: stagnant water near households (93.4% vs. 45.8%; χ² = 27.985, p = 0.000), non-use of mosquito nets (96.4% vs. 64.4%; χ² = 17.084, p = 0.000), absence of indoor insecticide spraying (92.3% vs. 62.9%; χ² = 13.368, p = 0.000), and infrequent cleaning of mosquito breeding sites (94.6% vs. 65.2%; χ² = 8.474, p = 0.014) were all linked to higher infection rates. These findings underscore the critical role of environmental management and preventive measures in malaria control. While consistent with broader literature on risk factors, the study highlights the need for context-specific interventions, improved community education, and stronger policy implementation to reduce malaria burden among schoolchildren. Limitations include small sample sizes in some age groups and reliance on self-reported data, suggesting avenues for future research with larger samples and molecular diagnostics.

Attitudes of Registered Nurses Towards Nursing Students in Clinical Settings at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria Fred Grace Wayas; Allahnanan Emmanuel; Ndukaku Nwakwue; Fred Ernest Wayas
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i2.5914

Clinical exposure is fundamental to nursing education, offering student nurses critical opportunities for skill acquisition, professional socialization, and practical application of theoretical knowledge. This study examines the attitudes of registered nurses toward nursing students during clinical placements at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Adopting a descriptive cross-sectional design, data were collected from 240 registered nurses across eight clinical wards using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate attitude patterns and associated influencing factors. The results indicate that a majority of registered nurses exhibited positive attitudes, characterized by a willingness to mentor, supervise, and collaborate with nursing students. However, certain challenges were identified, including perceived increases in workload, student absenteeism, and concerns about student adherence to professional and ethical standards. Key determinants of nurse attitudes included the perceived clinical competence, communication ability, and adherence to professional dress codes among students. The study underscores the need for structured mentorship programs, regular workshops on ethical conduct, and more clearly defined internship frameworks to strengthen the clinical learning environment. Enhancing nurse-student interactions in clinical settings is essential for improving the quality of nursing education and ensuring the readiness of future nursing professionals for practice.

A Survey of Food and Feeding Habits of Synodontis in River Benue Along Mayo Ranewo, Ardo-Kola LGA, Taraba State, Nigeria Danba Elizabeth Pius; Alexander Faith Adule; Allahnanan Emmanuel
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i2.6639

This study examines the food and feeding habits of Synodontis species in River Benue, with emphasis on seasonal dietary variations and overall fish health. Thirty-five specimens were collected from Mayo Ranewo, Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State, and analyzed using standard morphometric measurements and gut content examination. Results indicate a predominantly herbivorous diet in the early months (August and October), marked by high intake of stems (43.7% and 48.0%) and seeds (42.1% and 42.6%), with limited consumption of animal matter such as insects and crustaceans. In November and December, a dietary shift occurred, with greater proportions of insects (11.7% and 23.5%) and crustaceans (8.4% and 15.7%) consumed. Stomach fullness was consistently high, with 90–100% of specimens containing food across all months. The length–weight relationship revealed negative allometric growth (b = 0.85; R² = 0.95), while the average condition factor (K ≈ 0.23) suggested generally poor health, potentially due to environmental stress or limited food availability. The findings underscore the adaptive feeding strategies of Synodontis in response to seasonal resource fluctuations and highlight the ecological need to preserve riverine health for sustainable fisheries management.

Food and Feeding Habits of Hydrocynus in River Benue Along Mayo Ranewo, Ardo-Kola LGA, Taraba State, Nigeria Danba Elizabeth Pius; Nokah Juliet; Allahnanan Emmanuel
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i2.6640

This study examines the food and feeding habits of Hydrocynus species in River Mayo Ranewo, Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State, Nigeria. Hydrocynus, commonly referred to as tigerfish, is a predatory freshwater species of notable ecological and economic value. The research investigates dietary composition, length–weight relationship, and condition factor to better understand the species’ ecological role. Seventy-five specimens were obtained from local fishermen and analyzed in the laboratory. Stomach content analysis revealed seasonal dietary variation, with Tilapia and catfish as predominant prey items, supplemented by decayed fish and fish bones. The length–weight relationship showed a strong positive correlation (R² = 0.99997), indicating isometric growth, while the condition factor (K ≈ 1.20) suggested a healthy population. The results indicate that tigerfish adjust their feeding strategies according to prey availability and environmental conditions. These findings contribute valuable information for sustainable fisheries management and conservation planning, supporting both ecological stability and the economic viability of inland fisheries in Taraba State.

Occurrence of Intestinal Helminths Among Children Attending Primary Schools in Yorro and Zing Local Government Areas of Taraba State Garba Paul; Allahnanan Emmanuel; Houmsou Robert Soumay; Zakari Nasiru Ishaq
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i2.6708

Intestinal helminthic infections (IHIs) remain a major public health concern, particularly among school-aged children in resource-limited settings. This study examines the occurrence, risk factors, and socio-demographic determinants of IHIs among primary school children in Yorro and Zing Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Taraba State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 500 randomly selected pupils, and stool samples were analyzed using standard parasitological techniques. The overall prevalence of intestinal helminths was 75.7%, with Yorro LGA recording a higher rate (78.8%) than Zing LGA (72.7%). No statistically significant difference was observed between boys (76.4%) and girls (74.8%) (p > 0.05). The high prevalence underscores the urgent need for strengthened public health measures, including regular mass deworming, improved sanitation facilities, access to safe drinking water, and targeted health education for schoolchildren, parents, and teachers to reduce transmission and reinfection rates.

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