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All Journal Cepalo JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies)
Himawan Estu Bagijo
Badan Riset dan Inovasi Daerah Provinsi Jawa Timur
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Para-Diplomacy in the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers A Study on the Policy of East Java Province Budi Raharjo; Arie Fitria; Vesela Radovic; Adibah Sayyidati; Himawan Estu Bagijo
Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): Contemporary Legal Responses to Technological, Economic, and Social Change
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jils.v11i1.40112

Abstract

From 2019 to 2024, East Java remained Indonesia’s largest contributor of Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) and received the Indonesian Migrant Worker Award for six consecutive years. Despite this achievement, PMI continue to face human trafficking, violence, labor rights violations, and digital scam exploitation. These challenges are compounded by budget constraints and overlapping responsibilities between central and regional governments. This study examines the role of the East Java Provincial Government in PMI placement and protection through the perspectives of para-diplomacy and multi-level governance. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews and document analysis, emphasizing collaboration among government institutions, non-state actors, diaspora communities, and civil society. The findings show that effective migrant worker protection depends on multi-level and multi-actor collaboration. Triangulation involving political actors, government agencies, diaspora organizations, and NGOs reveals a persistent gap between formal regulations, including Law No. 18/2017 and Local Regulation No. 2/2022, and their implementation. Nevertheless, several good practices have emerged, such as integrated one-stop services, helpdesks, mobile information units, Village Migration Regulations, and Productive Migrant Villages. Community-based coordination has also strengthened legal advocacy, repatriation, and migration literacy. Based on these findings, the study proposes a Hybrid Community-Based Protection System that integrates state mechanisms with community and diaspora networks through a bottom-up approach. The research contributes to para-diplomacy and legal pluralism theories by highlighting non-state actors as key agents in migration literacy, legal protection, and socio-economic empowerment, while offering practical recommendations for regional policy innovation, cross-sector coordination, and digitalized migrant worker protection systems.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY IN EXERCISING RIGHTS OF CULTURAL PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION IN MALINAU REGENCY Yahya Ahmad Zein; Fathurrahman Fathurrahman; Adymas Putro Utomo; Bernardo Idalina Leto; Himawan Estu Bagijo
Cepalo Vol 9 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25041/cepalo.v9no2.4059

Abstract

This study critically examines the authority of local government in protecting and preserving regional culture in Malinau Regency. It aims to analyze the legal basis for cultural preservation and assess its implementation by the regional government. Using a normative legal research method grounded in the 1945 Constitution and relevant legislation, the study employs a statutory approach supplemented by empirical data collection. Findings indicate that Malinau Regency possesses the authority to enact regional regulations to safeguard local arts and culture from the erosion of traditional values. Such regulations are essential to ensure the sustainability of cultural heritage and must balance academic, ideological, sociological, and economic interests. Furthermore, regional regulations should empower local authorities and promote community participation in the protection, development, utilization, guidance, and supervision of regional culture.
Co-Authors Adibah Sayyidati Adymas Putro Utomo Arie Fitria Bernardo Idalina Leto Budi Raharjo Fathurrahman Fathurrahman Vesela Radovic Yahya Ahmad Zein