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p-Index From 2021 - 2026
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All Journal Journal of Law and Legal Reform International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia
Nova Bela Dhyta
Faculty of Law, Universitas Jambi, Indonesia
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Protecting Critical National Infrastructure Against Cyber Operations Under International Humanitarian Law: Lessons for Southeast Asia Andi Agus Salim; Maulidina Sari; Nova Bela Dhyta; Ahmad Sholihin Muttaqin; Try Hardyanthi
International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): January-June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ildisea.v5i1.42796

Abstract

The rapid evolution of digital technology has significantly reshaped the dynamics of modern armed conflict, most notably through the escalating threat of cyberattacks against critical infrastructure. Essential facilities such as power grids, medical centers, water sanitation systems, and communication networks play an indispensable role in ensuring the safety and well-being of the civilian population. When such infrastructure is targeted during armed conflict, whether by State or non-State actors, the resulting humanitarian consequences can be catastrophic and far-reaching. International Humanitarian Law (IHL), which traditionally governs the protection of civilian objects, has yet to explicitly address the unique challenges posed by the digital frontier, particularly regarding the protection of critical infrastructure from cyber warfare. This research aims to critically examine the extent to which IHL principles can provide adequate protection for critical infrastructure within the context of cyber operations, while identifying the normative gaps that emerge in their implementation. Employing a doctrinal legal research methodology complemented by an interdisciplinary analytical approach integrating international legal analysis with cybersecurity contemporary military studies, and supported by selected contemporary cyber incidents, this study proposes a strengthened normative framework that is more responsive to the exigencies of the digital age. The novelty of this research lies in its specific focus on the protection of vital civilian infrastructure in modern warfare from an IHL perspective, offering legal solutions grounded in state practice and fundamental humanitarian principles. It further highlights the relevance of these normative developments for Southeast Asia by identifying legal and policy lessons that can strengthen regional preparedness for protecting critical infrastructure against cyber operations during armed conflict.
Legal Aspects of State Asset Management: International Perspectives on Implementing State-Owned Property Law Syamsir Syamsir; Eko Nuriyatman; Nova Bela Dhyta; Rofi Aulia Rahman; Meline Gerarita Sitompul
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): April, 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v6i2.19296

Abstract

State asset management is a fundamental component of public financial governance, aimed at ensuring transparency, accountability, and efficiency. In Indonesia, the legal foundation for state asset administration is established under Law Number 1 of 2004 on State Treasury. In the context of globalization, aligning domestic regulations with international legal standards, such as the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), has become imperative. Discrepancies between national and international regulatory frameworks may result in legal inconsistencies, inefficiencies, and challenges in securing state assets abroad. This scholarly article employs a doctrinal legal research approach to evaluate the conformity of Indonesia’s legal framework with international standards. It identifies key challenges, including the inadequate implementation of IPSAS, deficiencies in technological infrastructure, and limited institutional capacity. Additionally, protecting state assets in foreign jurisdictions remains complex due to disparities in legal systems, bureaucratic constraints, and insufficient international legal cooperation. To address these challenges, Indonesia must reinforce its legal framework, integrate advanced technological solutions, and enhance cross-border legal collaboration. The adoption of internationally recognized best practices in state asset management will strengthen legal certainty, mitigate financial risks, and ensure compliance with global governance principles. This article contributes to the legal discourse by analyzing the complexities of state asset management in an increasingly interconnected world and proposing regulatory and institutional reforms to enhance its effectiveness.
Co-Authors Ahmad Sholihin Muttaqin Andi Agus Salim Eko Nuriyatman Maulidina Sari Meline Gerarita Sitompul Rofi Aulia Rahman Syamsir Syamsir Try Hardyanthi