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All Journal Jurnal Kajian Bali
Lu Chang
City University of Macau, China
Religion Arts Humanities Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences

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From Triple to Quadruple Roles: Reconceptualising Women's Labour in Bali's Tourism Economy Nararya Narottama; Lu Chang; Made Diah Pranyaswari; I Putu Anom
Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) Vol. 16 No. 2 (2026): Bali Overtourism
Publisher : Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JKB.2026.v16.i02.p04

Abstract

The paper examines how Balinese women organise their work within a tourism economy shaped by cultural obligations and gendered expectations. Using constructivist grounded theory and fieldwork at the Sukawati Art Market, Bali, it advances a Quadruple Roles framework reconceptualising women's labour as comprising reproductive, productive, sociocultural, and spiritual dimensions. With Moser's triple-role model and Tri Hita Karana as sensitising concepts, in-depth interviews and participant observation allowed spirituality to emerge inductively as an analytically distinct dimension of labour. Evidence shows that ritual practices establish the moral legitimacy that structures household work, market participation, and community organisation, even amid constraints of patriarchy, limited capital, and market competition. By reconceptualising spiritual obligation as labour, the paper demonstrates that culturally embedded tourism economies operate within a moral economy rather than a purely market system, with implications for gender-sensitive destination governance and comparative research.
Co-Authors I Putu Anom Made Diah Pranyaswari Nararya Narottama