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Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Johor,
Aerospace Engineering Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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A Comparative Study of Snyder and Clark Hydrological Procedures for Flood Peaks Estimation Ebrahim Al-Qadami; Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi; Syed Muzzamil Hussain Shah; Mohamad Fahmi Ideris; Arman Mokhtar; Jaan H. Pu
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol. 58 No. 5 (2026): Vol. 58 No. 5(2026): October
Publisher : Directorate for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2026.58.5.2

Abstract

The Snyder (HP11) and Clark (HP27) hydrological procedures are valuable tools in managing water resources in urban and rural areas across Malaysia. This study presents an extensive comparative assessment of these two procedures in estimating different watersheds flood peak flows. A total of 22 watersheds on Langkawi Island were simulated, representing a range of catchment types and characteristics, with catchment areas ranging from 1 to 68.2 km², and slopes between 1.54% to 24.77%, encompassing small to moderately large basins with gentle to steep terrain. For HP11 analysis, a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was developed and used to perform the analysis based on triangular distribution of direct runoff following Snyder’s method. On the other hand, HEC-HMS software was used to perform hydrological analysis based on HP27 guidelines for both current and future land-use scenarios following Clark Unit Hydrograph Method. Obtained results were analyzed statistically using SPSS covering several parameters and tests. The results showed that the estimated design peak flows using HP11 procedure were higher compared with those estimated using HP27 for same land-use condition especially at higher ARIs. The percentage difference reached more than 70% depends on catchment characteristics. The estimated design peak discharge flows for future land use distribution were increased as expected due to the increment in the imperviousness of the catchment area, which contributes to higher peak discharge values as the critical storm duration shifts to a shorter period. Overall, the study demonstrates that the choice of hydrological procedure has a significant impact on flood estimation and should be carefully considered in future planning and design.
Co-Authors Arman Mokhtar Ebrahim Al-Qadami Jaan H. Pu Mohamad Fahmi Ideris Syed Muzzamil Hussain Shah