<![CDATA[Demurrage issues pose a significant challenge that affects operational efficiency in the coal transportation industry, particularly in the coal transhipment process using mother vessel and barges. This study aims to identify and reduce waiting times that cause demurrage. Waste identification leading to demurrage was conducted through a structured Value Stream Mapping (VSM) approach consisting of current-state mapping, waste identification and analysis, process activity mapping, and future-state mapping to develop improvement recommendations for coal loading and unloading operations. The results from the Port of Loading (POL) showed a significant improvement in operational efficiency after the proposed improvements were incorporated into the future-state process. Before the improvements, value-added activities contributed 28.20% of the total time and increased to 84.97%. The total loading time was reduced from 10.04 days to 3.17 days. At the Port of Discharge (POD), value-added activities increased from 47.27% to 77.24%, and the unloading time decreased from 14.58 days to 4.89 days. This improvement was achieved through better coordination, equipment maintenance, and optimization of the loading and unloading process, which significantly enhanced overall efficiency and reduced demurrage costs. This study highlights the importance of process optimization in the coal shipping industry, offering valuable insights to reduce delays and improve profitability.]]>
