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Kedudukan Hukum Karya Gambar Hasil Artificial Intelligence sebagai Objek Benda dalam Akta Notaris: The Legal Status of Artificial Intelligence Generated Images as Property Objects in Notarial Deeds Alifyanto Wibowo Kencana; Lena Hanifah
Jurnal Kolaboratif Sains Vol. 9 No. 7: Juli 2026 - Jurnal Kolaboratif Sains (JKS)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56338/jks.v9i7.11663

Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji dua permasalahan utama, yakni kedudukan hukum karya gambar hasil Artificial Intelligence (AI) sebagai objek perjanjian dalam akta Notaris, serta ruang lingkup tanggung jawab hukum Notaris dalam pembuatan akta yang memuat objek tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif yang didukung pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif, serta bersifat preskriptif untuk merumuskan solusi normatif atas kekosongan hukum yang teridentifikasi. Berdasarkan Pasal 499 KUHPerdata, karya gambar hasil AI dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai benda bergerak tidak berwujud (roerend immaterieel goed) karena memiliki nilai ekonomis dan dapat dialihkan. Namun, berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, pengakuan karya AI sebagai karya yang dilindungi menghadapi hambatan fundamental karena undang-undang mensyaratkan adanya pencipta manusia yang dapat diidentifikasi. Berdasarkan tingkat kontribusi kreatif manusia, karya gambar AI diklasifikasikan ke dalam tiga tipologi, yaitu karya AI-Assisted (dapat dilindungi hak cipta dan sah sebagai objek akta pengalihan hak), karya Hybrid (berada di wilayah abu-abu dan memerlukan pembuktian kreativitas manusia yang substansial), serta karya Autonomous AI Works (tidak dilindungi, masuk domain publik, dan hanya dapat diperjanjikan sebatas pengalihan penguasaan melalui mekanisme occupatio). Tanggung jawab Notaris dalam pembuatan akta tersebut pada dasarnya bersifat formil, bukan materiil, mencakup penerapan due diligence proporsional sesuai tipologi karya, pemberian penyuluhan hukum tertulis, pencantuman klausul pernyataan dan ganti kerugian, dokumentasi yang cermat, serta penolakan akta apabila terdapat indikasi nyata pelanggaran hak cipta pihak ketiga. Kelalaian dalam memenuhi kewajiban formil tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan tanggung jawab perdata, pidana, dan administratif bagi Notaris. Pembaruan Undang-Undang Hak Cipta serta penerbitan pedoman teknis operasional bagi Notaris sangat direkomendasikan guna memberikan kepastian hukum yang memadai. This study examines two main issues, namely the legal status of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-generated image works as objects of agreement in notarial deeds, and the scope of the Notary's legal responsibility in drafting deeds containing such objects. This research employs a normative legal method supported by statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, and is prescriptive in nature, aiming to formulate normative solutions to the identified legal vacuum. Under Article 499 of the Indonesian Civil Code, AI-generated image works can be qualified as intangible movable property (roerend immaterieel goed) because they possess economic value and are transferable. However, under Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright, recognition of AI works as protected works faces a fundamental obstacle because the law requires an identifiable human author. Based on the degree of human creative contribution, AI image works are classified into three typologies, namely AI-Assisted works (copyrightable and valid as objects of rights-transfer deeds), Hybrid works (situated in a legal grey area and requiring proof of substantial human creativity), and Autonomous AI Works (unprotected, falling into the public domain, and transferable only to the extent of possession through the occupatio mechanism). The Notary's responsibility in drafting such deeds is essentially formal, not material, encompassing the proportional application of due diligence according to the typology of the work, the provision of written legal counsel, the inclusion of declaration and indemnity clauses, careful documentation, and refusal of the deed where there is a real indication of third-party copyright infringement. Failure to fulfill these formal obligations may give rise to civil, criminal, and administrative liability for the Notary. The reform of the Copyright Law and the issuance of operational technical guidelines for Notaries are strongly recommended to provide adequate legal certainty.