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Widi Widayat
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
Social Sciences

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Porosity of GEL-HA Composite Scaffolds Synthesized from Blue Swimming Crab Shells Dionisius Advent Jiwa Pramana; Widi Widayat
Journal of Creativity Student Vol. 9 No. 3s (2026): Special Edition
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jcs.v9i3s.62243

Abstract

Bone defects are a serious health problem requiring graft materials (scaffolds) with ideal porosity. This study aims todetermine the effect of varying gelatin concentrations on the porosity of hydroxyapatite-gelatin composites based on blueswimming crab shells. Blue swimming crab shells were utilized as an alternative source of hydroxyapatite (HA) becausethey are rich in calcium content and possess biocompatible characteristics. However, pure HA exhibits brittle mechanicalproperties, necessitating the addition of gelatin to bind the structure and reduce brittleness. The HA was processed usingthe microwave method. Scaffolds with varying gelatin concentrations of 2%, 3%, and 4% were fabricated using slurrycasting and oven drying methods. Characterization using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that the HA synthesissuccessfully achieved a purity level of 99.6%. Porosity testing conducted using the liquid displacement method indicatedthat the pore percentage values ranged from 61.90% to 62.84%. The porosity trend exhibited a non-linear pattern, with thehighest porosity value achieved by the HAG-3 specimen at 62.84%. Based on the conducted research, the obtainedporosity values have met the minimum threshold for scaffolds, which is in the range of 50% to 90%.
Density of Hydroxyapatite-Gelatin Composite Scaffolds Derived from Blue Swimming Crab Shells Nadhiva Qothrunnada; Widi Widayat
Journal of Creativity Student Vol. 9 No. 3s (2026): Special Edition
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jcs.v9i3s.62247

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite scaffolds have potential applications in bone tissue engineering as they combine the bioactive properties of hydroxyapatite with the capability of gelatin as a polymer matrix. This study aims to analyze the density of hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite scaffolds derived from blue swimming crab shells at varying gelatin concentrations of 2%, 3%, and 4%. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized from blue swimming crab shell powder through a microwave-assisted precipitation method, followed by characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The scaffolds were fabricated via the slurry casting method using a total mass of 4 g of the hydroxyapatite-gelatin mixture. Density testing was conducted on three specimens for each variant using the hydrostatic weighing method based on Archimedes' principle, with 96% ethanol as the immersion fluid. The XRD characterization results demonstrated that the synthesized powder was dominated by a hydroxyapatite phase at 99.6%, with minor phases of calcite at 0.3% and portlandite at 0.1%. The average densities of the scaffolds at gelatin concentrations of 2%, 3%, and 4% were 2.161 g/cm³, 2.259 g/cm³, and 2.321 g/cm³, respectively. Descriptively, an increase in gelatin concentration within the tested range was followed by an increase in the average scaffold density. Further testing on porosity, morphology, mechanical properties, degradation, and biocompatibility is required to determine the more optimal scaffold composition.
Evaluation of Gelatin Concentration Variations on the Porosity ofGreen Mussel Shell Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Firda Aulia Rahman; Widi Widayat
Journal of Creativity Student Vol. 9 No. 3s (2026): Special Edition
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jcs.v9i3s.62249

Abstract

The increasing demand for scaffolds in orthopedic applications has driven research into locally sourced biomaterials. Thisstudy evaluates the effect of varying gelatin concentrations (2%, 3%, and 4% w/w) on the porosity of hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds synthesized from green mussel shells (Perna viridis). HA was synthesized through a calcination process at a temperature of 900°C, followed by microwave-assisted ultrasonic precipitation, yielding a phase purity of 98.4% as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The composite scaffolds were fabricated by mixing HA with type B gelatin at threeconcentrations, molded into cylindrical molds (6 mm diameter × 6 mm height), and dried at 40°C for 24 hours. Porositywas measured using the Archimedes liquid displacement method with 96% ethanol. The results indicated porosity valuesof 57.4% ± 1.68%, 60.2% ± 2.97%, and 58.1% ± 1.15% for gelatin concentrations of 2%, 3%, and 4%, respectively. All formulations exceeded the lower limit of commercial scaffold porosity standards (35–50%), with the 4% formulationapproaching the upper limit of that range. This study demonstrates that HA derived from green mussel shells combinedwith gelatin produces scaffolds with a porosity comparable to commercial products, thereby offering an economical andsustainable alternative for bone tissue engineering applications.
In Vitro Degradation Rate of Gelatin/Hydroxyapatite CompositeScaffolds Derived from Blue Swimming Crab Shells Candra Aditya Putra; Widi Widayat
Journal of Creativity Student Vol. 9 No. 3s (2026): Special Edition
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jcs.v9i3s.62372

Abstract

Bone tissue damage is a serious health problem that requires bone graft treatments. Blue swimming crab shell waste has proven effective for utilization as a hydroxyapatite (HA) source due to its high calcium content. However, HA possesses a drawback in the form of brittle mechanical properties, making the addition of an organic polymer matrix such as gelatin necessary. This study aims to analyze the effect of varying gelatin and HA compositions (6:94, 7:93, and 8:92 wt%) on thein vitro degradation rate of HA-Gel scaffolds. HA was calcined and synthesized using a microwave-assisted precipitationmethod, and subsequently characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The scaffolds were fabricated using the slurrycasting method and then dried using the oven drying method. The in vitro degradation rate testing was conducted in a Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) solution at a temperature of 37°C for 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. The XRD resultsvalidated that blue swimming crab shells are effective in producing HA with a phase purity level reaching 99.1%. The fabrication of HA-Gel scaffolds using the slurry casting method successfully formed uniformly shaped scaffolds, althoughsurface defects in the form of voids were present. The in vitro degradation rate exhibited a residual mass of 100–101.8% across all variants, indicating that degradation had not yet occurred; instead, swelling by the gelatin matrix took place. The variant with the highest HA content (94%) demonstrated the largest and most fluctuating mass increase, while the variantwith the highest gelatin content (8%) was the most stable, indicating good mass resistance of the HA-Gel scaffolds duringthe initial immersion phase.
Co-Authors Candra Aditya Putra Dionisius Advent Jiwa Pramana Firda Aulia Rahman Nadhiva Qothrunnada