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Zainal, Nasharuddin
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Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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A hybrid steganography and watermark algorithm for copyright protection by using multiple embedding approaches Zainal, Nasharuddin; Hoshi, Alaa Rishek; Ismail, Mahamod; T. Rahem, Abd Al-Razak; Muhsin Wadi, Salim
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 13, No 3: June 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v13i3.6337

Abstract

In this modern era, it has become much simpler to replicate, sell, and copy the copyright owners' works without their permission as a result of the expansion of digitalization, and it is difficult to identify such violations, posing a threat to the creators' and copyright owners' rights. For many years, the internet has been regarded as one of the most serious threats to copyright, and the content available has varying levels of copyright protection. On the internet, there are numerous copyrighted works, including e-books, movies, news, and so on. Therefore, by using watermarking and steganography techniques, these issues can be solved, which are based on the author's signature information or logo. This paper concluded that the techniques of discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), one-time pad (OTP), and playfair are highly effective when used together to watermark an image or embed a secret message, our lab results validate that our algorithm scheme is robust against several sets of attacks, where the algorithm was assessed by computation of many evaluation metrics such as mean square error (MSE), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).
Design and optimization of a linear fiber-reinforced soft actuator for improved linear motion performance Md Ghazaly, Mariam; Yee Wong, Min; Abdullah, Zulkeflee; Hasim, Norhaslinda; Maisarah Mohd Sobran, Nur; Izzuan Jaafar, Hazriq; Zainal, Nasharuddin
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 1: February 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i1.8557

Abstract

The demand for safe and flexible actuators has increased as traditional actuators pose safety risks due to their rigid materials, especially in applications requiring human-machine interaction. This study focuses on designing and optimizing a linear fiber-reinforced soft actuator to enhance linear motion performance while maintaining safety and flexibility. Finite element method (FEM) analysis was used to evaluate the effects of varying key design parameters, including core radius, actuator length, and core wall thickness. The analysis revealed that increasing the core radius leads to greater linear extension, while increasing the actuator’s length and wall thickness reduces extension. Among the tested designs, the R10 design exhibited the highest linear extension, with a 44.41% increase in length compared to the original design. However, the R10 design also showed undesirable bulging at the free end under pressure, which necessitated further optimization. By increasing the thickness of the sheath wall, the bulging was reduced, and the optimized design achieved a 34.53% increase in extension. This study highlights the significance of parameter optimization in fiber-reinforced soft actuators to achieve superior linear motion performance. Future work will explore further improvements in structural stability, sensor integration for precise control, and advanced fabrication techniques for better customization and durability.
Co-Authors Abdullah, Zulkeflee Hasim, Norhaslinda Hoshi, Alaa Rishek Izzuan Jaafar, Hazriq Mahamod Ismail Maisarah Mohd Sobran, Nur Md Ghazaly, Mariam Muhsin Wadi, Salim T. Rahem, Abd Al-Razak Yee Wong, Min