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All Journal Sumatera Medical Journal
Khadijah Binti Mohamad Sukri
Cluster Integrative Physiology and Molecular, Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine,UniKL Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, 30450, Malaysia
Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology

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Pulse Rate and SpO₂ in Prolonged Sitting versus Specific Isotonic Exercises Among Young Adults in UniKL RCMP Insyirah Arifah Binti Ismail; Khadijah Binti Mohamad Sukri; Muhammad Ar Rizq Bin Zainal; Nur Hasliana Fatiha Binti Hasfarizal; Nur Maisarah Binti Noorzaid; Syed Faris Danial Bin Syed Syahril Anuar; Noorzaid Bin Muhamad
Sumatera Medical Journal Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): Sumatera Medical Journal (SUMEJ)
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/sumej.v9i3.22297

Abstract

Background: This study seeks to investigate the relationship between prolonged seated immobility and lower extremity circulation and to identify effective lower extremity exercises that can be performed in confined spaces to improve venous blood flow, with emphasis on isotonic exercises. Objective: To enhance health and well-being during prolonged sitting by implementing strategies that improve lower extremity circulation. Methods: This observational study investigates the physiological responses to prolonged sitting including and excluding isotonic exercises among medical students at UniKL RCMP. The study measured muscle activation patterns using electromyography (EMG) and a pulse oximeter for oxygen saturation (SpO₂). Results: After 60 minutes of uninterrupted sitting, PR showed a decline during extended sitting but increased following tiptoe exercises and squats. SpO₂ remained stable throughout, suggesting efficient oxygen transport. However, squats induced a greater cardiovascular response than tiptoe exercises. Conclusion: This study shows that lower limb isotonic exercises (tiptoes, squats) significantly improve lower limb circulation and venous return.
Co-Authors Insyirah Arifah Binti Ismail Muhammad Ar Rizq Bin Zainal Noorzaid Bin Muhamad Nur Hasliana Fatiha Binti Hasfarizal Nur Maisarah Binti Noorzaid Syed Faris Danial Bin Syed Syahril Anuar