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All Journal IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)
Sushant Chalise
Tribhuvan University
Computer Science & IT Engineering

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A transfer learning-based approach for automatic monument detection Santosh Giri; Jebish Purbey; Sunil Adhikari; Paarit Pokharel; Babu R. Dawadi; Bipun Man Pati; Atsushi Ito; Sushant Chalise; Sanjivan Satyal
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 15, No 4: August 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v15.i4.pp3326-3341

Abstract

Architectural heritage connects us to the cultural achievements of past civilizations. Patan Durbar Square in Nepal is home to many such structures, yet identifying them remains a challenge for tourists. This paper presents an automated monument recognition system built on the backbone of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). A dataset of 1832 images of 9 important monuments from Patan was created, and build a detection system with MobileNetV2, a light-weight CNN, to detect monuments in Patan Durbar Square with a near-perfect F1 score of 98.94%. The approach utilizes transfer learning to adapt the model to local architectural styles. A detailed ablation study is performed to determine the optimal network design and augmentation strategies. Class-wise performance is further analyzed to verify robustness against visual occlusion and similarity. Finally, the model is deployed as a mobile application using Flutter and the FastAPI framework. This work demonstrates the viability of lightweight CNNs for real-time cultural heritage preservation.
Co-Authors Atsushi Ito Babu R. Dawadi Bipun Man Pati Jebish Purbey Paarit Pokharel Sanjivan Satyal Santosh Giri Sunil Adhikari