Nevada J.M Nanulaitta
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri Ambon

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THE EFFECT OF VARIATION PERCENTAGE ALKALIZATION (NAOH) ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ANALYSIS AND WATER ABSORPTION BEHAVIOUR IN BIOCOMPOSITE WITH CASSAVA RUBBER STARCH Semuel M.J.S Tuny; Nevada J.M Nanulaitta; Graciadiana I Huka
Journal Mechanical Engineering Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): Journal Mechanical Engineering
Publisher : Department of Mechanical Engineering

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31959/jme.v4i2.4101

Abstract

Maluku as one of the provinces in Indonesia has a lot of potential sago plants, which is the basis for conducting research using sago fiber and rubber cassava starch as a base material for making composites that have good mechanical value and are environmentally friendly. Composites are made using natural ingredients namely sago fiber and cassava rubber starch as the matrix. The making of composites is expected to get good bending strength, impact strength, and water absorption rate. Composites are made using the hand lay-up method with a variation of the matrix. The variation of the volume fraction of sago pith fibers is 1:1 and 7:3 using NaOH liquid and distilled water in the alkali process with a percentage ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% soaking time in NaOH liquid for 120 minutes. The results of this study were found to be the best impact value on composites with 1:1 fiber volume variation with 15% alkaline NaOH liquid process. The highest value of the energy absorbed by the composite was 7.5479 J with an impact strength of 0.0755 J·mm-2. At a variation of 7:3 the highest absorption energy is 5.7430 J, while the impact strength is 0.0574 J·mm-2 at 15% of NaOH liquid percentage. The highest bending strength is 226.035 MPa at 1:1 volume fraction variation with 15% NaOH liquid percentage. In 7:3 fiber volume fraction variation, the highest value reaches 206.199 MPa at 15% NaOH liquid percentage. The best water absorption rate is at 8.82% that occurs in 1:1 fiber volume fraction variation, with 15% percentage of the NaOH alkaline process. In the other side, water absorption rate is 9.16% in the 7:3 fiber volume fraction variation with 15% NaOH liquid in the alkalization process. Keynote : sago pith fiber, cassava rubber starch, NaOH, hand lay up method, bending strength, impact strength and water absorption rate
PENINGKATAN KETAHANAN AUS PERMUKAAN BAJA KONSTRUKSI ST-42 MELALUI SUBSTITUSI ENERGIZER CANGKANG KEPITING (CACO3) PADA PROSES PACK CARBURIZING DAN PENEMPERAN Roy R. Lekatompessy; Erwin B Pattikayhatu; Nevada J.M Nanulaitta; Graciadiana I Huka
Journal Mechanical Engineering Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): Journal Mechanical Engineering
Publisher : Department of Mechanical Engineering

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31959/jme.v4i2.4103

Abstract

Low-carbon steel ST-42 is a material widely applied in general mechanical construction, yet it exhibits technical limitations regarding its surface hardness. This study aims to investigate the effect of varying tempering temperatures (200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C) on the hardness value of St-42 steel following a surface hardening process using the pack carburizing method. As an eco-friendly biomaterial innovation, this research substitutes the use of synthetic Barium Carbonate (BaCO3) with crab shell waste which is rich in Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) acting as a catalyst (energizer), combined with walnut shell carbon powder. A quantitative laboratory experiment was conducted utilizing 15 plate test specimens, where mechanical properties were measured using the Rockwell method (HRC).  The results demonstrated that crab shells operate highly effectively in accelerating carbon diffusion; the average initial hardness of the steel increased drastically from 112.6 HRC to approximately 138.5 HRC post-carburizing and rapid quenching using SAE 20-50 oil. The tempering stage revealed an inversely proportional empirical correlation between temperature and material hardness. Low-temperature tempering (200°C–300°C) successfully maintained hardness retention at around 135 HRC through epsilon carbide precipitation, whereas high-temperature tempering (500°C–600°C) drastically reduced hardness to 125.325 HRC due to cementite spheroidization and carbide agglomeration. In conclusion, crab shell waste serves as a highly reliable alternative energizer, and tempering temperature parameters can be precisely engineered to achieve an optimal equilibrium between surface wear resistance and material toughness for industrial machinery components. Keywords: ST-42 Steel, Pack Carburizing, Crab Shell, Tempering, Rockwell Hardness.