<![CDATA[Historical landscapes maintain enduring records of human–environment interactions, which can be analyzed through spatial patterns present in the landscape. Within geographical studies, landscape ecology offers a framework for interpreting these patterns by linking human activity to ecological gradients and spatial structure. This study investigates the spatial distribution of classical period archaeological remains in Lasem, North Java, employing a landscape archaeology approach that integrates ecological variables and spatial configuration. The research conceptualizes archaeological remains as spatial patches situated within diverse ecological zones, such as volcanic uplands, alluvial plains, and coastal plain. Spatial analysis incorporated elevation, landform units, soil types, hydrological proximity, and distance-based relationships to key landscape elements. These variables were integrated with a qualitative spatial narrative to interpret how environmental conditions influenced historical land-use strategies. The results show that the distribution of archaeological patches is closely linked to specific ecological settings, especially transitional zones between upland and alluvial landscapes and areas with reliable access to water resources. Archaeological remains are not evenly distributed but instead form patterned clusters that reflect adaptive responses to topography, hydrology, and land suitability. This spatial structure indicates that landscape configuration significantly influenced human activity during the classical period in Lasem. By integrating landscape ecology with archaeological spatial data, this study highlights the value of geographical approaches for interpreting historical landscapes. The findings contribute to broader discussions on landscape structure, long-term land-use processes, and the application of ecological concepts to historical spatial analysis.Received: 2026-03-27 Revised: 2026-07-01 Accepted: 2026-04-14 Published: 2026-08-20 ]]>
