<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze the relationship between religion and violence by examining the theological, sociological, and political factors underlying the emergence of religion-based violence in Indonesia. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach using library research. Data were drawn from books, peer-reviewed journal articles, research reports, and academic documents relevant to religion, conflict, intolerance, radicalism, and religion-based violence. The data were analyzed through systematic processes of identification, classification, interpretation, and synthesis of relevant literature and cases of religion-based violence, with particular attention to the Shi'a conflict in Sampang and the incidents in Tolikara and Tanjung Balai. The findings demonstrate that religion-based violence cannot be explained solely in terms of religious doctrine; rather, it emerges from the complex interplay of exclusivist religious interpretations, the reinforcement of group identities, social tensions, and political interests that instrumentalize religious symbols and identities as sources of legitimacy. Although the three cases exhibit distinct configurations of contributing factors, they share common patterns, including increasingly rigid boundaries between groups, limited intergroup dialogue, and the mobilization of religious sentiments in conflict situations. These findings underscore the multidimensional nature of religion-based violence and highlight the need for contextual analyses of the intersections among theological, sociological, and political factors. Accordingly, strengthening religious moderation, promoting intergroup dialogue, advancing tolerance education, and implementing equitable public policies are essential components of comprehensive efforts to prevent religion-based violence.]]>
