<![CDATA[The rapid advancement of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed the nature of national defense, making cyber warfare one of the most critical challenges in contemporary security environments. This study aims to examine the strategic role of Human Resource Management (HRM) in strengthening national defense capabilities in the era of cyber warfare through a comprehensive literature review. A narrative literature review approach was employed by analyzing scholarly publications related to strategic human resource management, cybersecurity, defense management, organizational resilience, digital transformation, and artificial intelligence. The findings reveal that technological superiority alone is insufficient to ensure effective cyber defense. Instead, defense organizations require highly competent human resources equipped with technical expertise, strategic thinking, digital leadership, ethical awareness, adaptability, and continuous learning capabilities. The review also highlights the importance of integrating strategic workforce planning, competency development, knowledge management, human–AI collaboration, and organizational cyber resilience into defense human resource policies. Based on the synthesis of the reviewed literature, this study proposes the Adaptive Defense Human Resource Capability (ADHRC) Framework, which integrates five strategic dimensions: cyber competency, strategic digital leadership, human–AI collaboration, organizational cyber resilience, and continuous defense learning. The framework provides a conceptual foundation for strengthening defense workforce readiness and organizational adaptability in response to rapidly evolving cyber threats. This study contributes to the growing literature on Strategic Human Resource Management by emphasizing that human capital is a strategic asset capable of enhancing sustainable national defense capabilities in the digital era. Furthermore, the findings offer practical insights for policymakers and defense institutions in designing future-oriented human resource strategies that support long-term cyber resilience and national security.]]>
