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Hoanh Nguyen
Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City
Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Decoder-only transformer with multi-scale attention for efficient printed circuit board defect inspection Chi Kien Ha; Hoanh Nguyen
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 15, No 4: August 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v15i4.10873

Abstract

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are critical components in modern electronics, detecting defects rapidly, and accurately is crucial in manufacturing. We propose a novel real-time PCB defect detection model based on a Transformer decoder-only architecture. The framework first extracts multi-scale features via a backbone with a feature pyramid network (FPN) and generates candidate regions using a region proposal network (RPN). These region proposals are encoded as query embeddings that drive an adaptive multi-scale deformable attention (AMDA) module in the Transformer decoder, replacing the standard encoder-decoder attention. By dynamically weighting multi-scale feature maps for each query, AMDA emphasizes the feature scale most relevant to each defect’s size and texture, and yielding enhanced discriminative representations for subtle defect detection. The decoder-only design drastically reduces computational overhead compared to full encoder-decoder Transformers, enabling real-time inference, and faster training convergence. Experiments on benchmark PCB defect datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both accuracy and speed. The proposed model’s efficiency and high precision make it well suited for deployment in fast-paced PCB manufacturing lines that demand stringent real-time performance and reliable defect detection.
Co-Authors Chi Kien Ha