<![CDATA[The transformation of higher education has become a strategic priority in the face of global knowledge competition, which is increasingly determined by the capacity for knowledge production, innovation, digitalisation and the quality of institutional governance. This study aims to analyse the transformation of higher education in Indonesia by integrating the knowledge ecosystem perspective, adaptive learning based on artificial intelligence, and outcome-based governance, to explain how universities can strengthen their global competitiveness without losing relevance to local needs. The study employs a qualitative approach using a library-based research design, involving a critical review for relevance, credibility, and recency. The findings indicate that the transformation of Indonesian higher education cannot be explained by digitalisation, internationalisation, innovation or governance reform in isolation, but requires a systemic integration of the repositioning of universities as knowledge ecosystems, the utilisation of artificial intelligence to develop adaptive learning, the strengthening of data and outcome-based governance, and the interconnection between local knowledge and global networks. These findings expand upon previous studies, which were often fragmented, by positioning interactions among the various dimensions of transformation as the foundation of higher education’s competitiveness. Consequently, higher education policy needs to shift from a focus on administrative compliance and technology adoption towards strengthening a knowledge ecosystem that is adaptive, accountable, innovative and impact-oriented.]]>
