<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze regulatory fragmentation in the supervision of radioactive materials within Indonesia’s non-nuclear industrial sector and reconstruct the application of strict liability for corporate accountability in radioactive contamination cases. The research is motivated by the Cesium-137 contamination incident in Cikande, which revealed regulatory gaps and institutional disharmony that weakened preventive environmental protection. Using a normative legal method with statute, conceptual, and case approaches, this study examines regulatory coherence through vertical-horizontal synchronization analysis. The findings indicate that although Article 88 of the Environmental Protection and Management Law provides a legal basis for strict liability, its implementation remains constrained by the absence of radiological causation guidelines, fragmented institutional authority, and inadequate remediation funding mechanisms. The novelty of this research lies in extending strict liability beyond the licensed nuclear sector to encompass orphan sources within non-nuclear industries through a risk-based environmental liability framework. This study contributes to the development of environmental liability doctrine and offers a regulatory harmonization model to strengthen legal certainty, corporate accountability, and environmental governance. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis fragmentasi regulasi dalam pengawasan material radioaktif pada sektor industri non-nuklir di Indonesia serta merekonstruksi penerapan strict liability sebagai dasar pertanggungjawaban korporasi atas pencemaran radioaktif. Urgensi penelitian berangkat dari kasus kontaminasi Cesium-137 di Cikande yang mengungkap adanya kekosongan norma dan disharmonisasi kewenangan antarlembaga sehingga melemahkan fungsi pencegahan lingkungan. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus yang dianalisis melalui sinkronisasi vertikal-horizontal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Pasal 88 UU PPLH memberikan dasar penerapan strict liability, efektivitasnya masih terkendala oleh ketiadaan pedoman kausalitas radiologis, fragmentasi kewenangan, dan belum adanya mekanisme pendanaan remediasi yang memadai. Kebaruan (novelty) penelitian ini terletak pada perluasan konstruksi strict liability dari sektor nuklir berizin menuju orphan sources pada industri non-nuklir melalui pendekatan risk-based environmental liability. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan doktrin pertanggungjawaban lingkungan serta menawarkan model harmonisasi regulasi untuk memperkuat kepastian hukum, akuntabilitas korporasi, dan tata kelola lingkungan yang berkelanjutan.]]>
