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Intan Setyaningrum
Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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Pengaruh Keterbukaan Perdagangan, Foreign Direct Investment, Pengeluaran Pemerintah, dan Tenaga Kerja terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi 5 Negara ASEAN Tahun 2004-2023 Intan Setyaningrum; Prayudi Setiawan Prabowo
Jurnal Ekonomika : INDEPENDEN Vol 6 No 2 (2026): Agustus 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/independent.v6i2.75922

Abstract

Five ASEAN members Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Singapore are examined in this study in relation to trade liberalization, FDI, government spending, labor, and economic growth. The study employs annual panel data from 2004 to 2023 obtained from the World Bank and applies panel data regression analysis. The outcome show that trade openness and FDI contribute positively and significantly to economic growth, while government expenditure and labor force show negative and insignificant effects. Simultaneously, all independent variables significantly influence economic growth. Considering these results, economic policies should focus on enhancing trade openness, strengthening the investment climate to attract FDI, improving the efficiency and quality of government spending, and upgrading labor quality through education and skill development to promote sustainable economic growth in five ASEAN member countries. Keywords: Economic Growth, Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment, Government Expenditure, Labor Force. JEL: F14, F21, O47
Co-Authors Prabowo, Prayudi Setiawan