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All Journal The Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Digestive Endoscopy
Christina Permata Shalim
Departement of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Ngoerah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
Medicine & Pharmacology

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Inflammation and Its Pathophysiological Role in Functional Dyspepsia Christina Permata Shalim; I Ketut Mariadi
The Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Digestive Endoscopy Vol 27, No 2 (2026): VOLUME 27, NUMBER 2, August, 2026
Publisher : The Indonesian Society for Digestive Endoscopy

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24871/2722026165-172

Abstract

Many individuals worldwide suffer from functional dyspepsia (FD), a chronic digestive disorder characterized by symptoms in the absence of observable structural abnormalities within the gastrointestinal system. This condition significantly impacts the quality of life and healthcare expenditures. Although the precise etiology of FD remains incompletely understood, recent research indicates that low-grade inflammation, particularly within the duodenum, constitutes a substantial component of its pathophysiology. Such inflammation involves immune system dysregulation, activation of mast cells and eosinophils, and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which collectively contribute to duodenal inflammation. This inflammatory response disrupts the enteric nervous system and elevates visceral hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity and diminished gastric motility are associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and Helicobacter pylori infection, and these associations are mediated via the gut-brain axis. Increasing evidence suggests that alterations in the duodenal microbiota may underlie immunological irregularities and FD. Recent therapeutic approaches, including probiotics, antihistamines, and leukotriene inhibitors, have demonstrated promise in addressing the inflammatory pathways implicated in FD. The purpose of this review is to examine current evidence concerning the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of FD and to consider its potential implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. A deeper understanding of these underlying processes may facilitate the development of effective, targeted treatments, thereby improving patient outcomes.
Co-Authors I Ketut Mariadi