<![CDATA[series of catalysts, including date seeds (DS), NiO/DS, Ru2O3/DS, and bimetallic NiRu2O4/DS, anchored on a date seed-derived carbon support. The newly synthesized catalysts were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), NH3/CO2-temperature programmed desorption (TPD-NH3/CO2), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Structural analysis confirmed that the metal nanoparticles were successfully embedded within the porous matrix of the biomass support, which significantly augmented both the surface area and the density of active sites. At optimized parameters of 350 °C and 40 bar N2 over a 3 h period, the NiRu2O4/DS catalyst achieved a maximum hydrocarbon yield of 95%. Detailed chemical profiling of the liquid product showed a high selectivity toward n-Tetradecane (C14) and n-Heptadecane (C17), both critical precursors for bio-jet fuel production. The remarkable performance of the catalyst is fundamentally driven by a synergistic combination of its structural and chemical properties: a higher BET surface area compared to the DS support (4.42 m2/g), a substantial pore volume of 0.0137 cm3/g, and a moderate surface basicity of 8534.6 μmol/g. Together, these features facilitate highly efficient deoxygenation pathways via decarboxylation (DCO2) and decarbonylation (DCO), while effectively suppressing undesirable cracking side reactions. Furthermore, the catalytic system demonstrated exceptional durability, maintaining a robust yield of 88.5% after three consecutive reaction cycles, illustrating the viability of these Ni- and Ru-based materials for renewable aviation energy solutions. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).]]>
