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All Journal Nurani: Jurnal Studi Agama dan Peradaban Spiritual
Hasaruddin
Postgraduate Program, Alauddin State Islamic University of Makassar

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A Literature Review of the Development of Islam in China: Historical, Social, and Political Dynamics Tuti Wahyuni; Hasaruddin
Nurani : Jurnal Studi Agama dan Peradaban Spiritual Vol. 1 No. 2 (2026): Juni: Nurani: Jurnal Studi Agama dan Peradaban Spiritual
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbit Penelitian Multidisipliner

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.67096/nurani.v1i2.278

Abstract

This article is a Literature Study (literature review) that aims to comprehensively map the history, social dynamics, and political conformity of the development of Islam in China. Through a synthesis of various historical documents and reputable scholarly literature, this article constructs how Muslim communities negotiate their religious identity amid Han cultural dominance and state authority. The review results show that Islam in China is not a singular entity, but rather a dynamic mosaic. Socio-political distinctions are clearly seen between the Hui ethnicity, which chooses an accommodative-flexible integration path through the assimilation of language, physical traits, and the acculturation of ancient mosque architecture in the form of pagodas (such as the Xi'an Great Mosque), and the Uyghur ethnicity, which maintains transnational cultural ties with Central Asia. The historical timeline shows that the scope of Muslim religiosity has experienced radical fluctuations, ranging from phases of privilege and maritime expansion during the Ming Dynasty under Admiral Zheng He, to phases of armed stagnation during the Qing Dynasty and modern political securitization. This article concludes that the political tolerance of rulers tends to be selective, where cultural flexibility and localization without diminishing essential doctrine become the main keys to the resilience of the Muslim community in China for more than a thousand years.
MUHAMMADIYAH: HISTORY, IDEOLOGY, AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE, AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA Tuti Wahyuni; Hasaruddin
Nurani : Jurnal Studi Agama dan Peradaban Spiritual Vol. 1 No. 2 (2026): Juni: Nurani: Jurnal Studi Agama dan Peradaban Spiritual
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbit Penelitian Multidisipliner

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.67096/nurani.v1i2.279

Abstract

Muhammadiyah is one of the largest and most influential Islamic organizations in Indonesia. Founded in 1912 by Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta, Muhammadiyah emerged as a reformist movement aimed at purifying Islamic teachings while promoting modern education, social welfare, and community empowerment. This study examines the historical development, ideological foundations, and contributions of Muhammadiyah to Indonesian society through a library research approach. Data were collected from scholarly journals, books, institutional reports, and academic publications discussing Muhammadiyah’s role in religious reform, education, healthcare, philanthropy, and national development. The findings reveal that Muhammadiyah has significantly contributed to the modernization of Islamic thought, the expansion of educational opportunities, the development of healthcare services, and the strengthening of civil society in Indonesia. Through its extensive network of schools, universities, hospitals, orphanages, and social service institutions, Muhammadiyah has become a major force in promoting social progress and national development. The study concludes that Muhammadiyah’s combination of Islamic reformism, educational advancement, and humanitarian service has enabled it to maintain relevance and influence in contemporary Indonesia.
Co-Authors Tuti Wahyuni