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All Journal Indonesian Education Policy and Justice Review
Hisham Anwar
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia

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Inclusive Education beyond Legal Mandates: Institutional Capacity, Vulnerability, and Unequal Learning Opportunities Hisham Anwar; Malak Noura; Chen Yixuan; Abigael Navarro; Ratnadewi Putri
Indonesian Education Policy and Justice Review Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): December, 2025
Publisher : The Network of Indonesian Legal and Justice Researchers

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.65815/qnj7pq37

Abstract

Inclusive education has become a central commitment in global education agendas, particularly concerning students with disabilities and other vulnerable groups. Despite strong legal and policy mandates, inclusive education often remains unevenly implemented. This article examines the structural limitations of inclusive education policies by focusing on institutional capacity and social vulnerability. Drawing on the Indonesian context, the study analyzes how schools interpret and operationalize inclusive education within resource-constrained environments. The findings demonstrate that inclusion is frequently reduced to administrative compliance rather than meaningful participation, as schools face shortages of trained teachers, inadequate infrastructure, and limited inter-agency coordination. Consequently, students with special needs often remain physically present but socially excluded from learning processes. This article argues that inclusive education cannot be achieved through legal mandates alone but requires sustained institutional investment and policy designs sensitive to social realities. By highlighting the interaction between policy ideals and institutional constraints, the study contributes to broader international debates on educational inequality and the limits of rights-based policy approaches.
Co-Authors Abigael Navarro Chen Yixuan Malak Noura Ratnadewi Putri