<![CDATA[Indonesian mangrove ecosystems provide critical functions for biodiversity conservation, coastal protection, carbon storage, and coastal livelihoods, yet their persistence is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures and governance limitations. This systematic review synthesized the ecological potential, major threats, and governance challenges of Indonesian mangroves and identified priorities for sustainable management. Literature published between January 2016 and May 2026 was systematically retrieved from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and GARUDA/SINTA following the PRISMA 2020 framework. Of 320 initially identified records, 30 primary studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final synthesis. The reviewed evidence revealed substantial spatial variation in mangrove structure and regeneration, with reported seedling densities ranging from 6,358 to 37,976 individuals ha⁻¹. Natural mangrove stands stored substantially more vegetation carbon than revegetated stands, while sediment represented a major component of total ecosystem carbon stocks in several study systems. Land conversion, aquaculture expansion, pollution, hydrological alteration, and fragmented governance emerged as major threats. Sustainable mangrove management should prioritize protection of intact forests, hydrological restoration, long-term ecological monitoring, community-based governance, and integration of blue-carbon financing with biodiversity and livelihood objectives]]>
