<![CDATA[Subclinical mastitis results in substantial but often unrecognized economic losses in the dairy cattle industry. This study investigated the distribution and co-infection patterns of subclinical mastitis pathogens collected from dairy cows in Jombang Regencymastitis pathogens in milk samples collected from dairy cows in Jombang Regency, Indonesia. A total of 66 CMT-positive milk samples were subjected to bacteriological examination selective media and standardized biochemical assays. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square and Spearman’s rank correlation, evaluated associations between Chi-square tests and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis were used to evaluate the associations among bacterial profiles, CMT severity, and inter-species co-occurrence. Streptococcus spp. was the most frequently isolated bacterium (45.45%) were the most frequently isolated organisms (45.45%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (28.79%), Escherichia coli (25.76%), and Klebsiella spp. (15.15%). Mixed bacterial infections were identified in 36.36% of the CMT-positive milk samples. Chi-square analysis demonstrated a significant association between bacterial isolation patterns and CMT severity (p < 0.05). Exploratory Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed a moderate positive association between Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus (rs= 0.352; p < 0.01). These findings indicate that both contagious and environmental bacterial pathogens are commonly distributed among CMT-positive milk samples from smallholder dairy farms. This evidence is critical for formulating targeteddairy farms. These data provide a basis for developing targeted mastitis surveillance and mitigation strategies to enhance milk quality and animal welfare in developing dairy sectors.]]>
