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All Journal Journal of Maritime Defense Technology Journal of Financial Literacy Journal of Modern Education Research
Waqas Ahmad Watto
The University of Lahore

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Absorptive capacity, not expenditure: A defence technology integrative capability framework for late-industrialising arms producers, with evidence from Indonesia I Gusti Bagus Kurniawan Ranuh; Waqas Ahmad Watto; Muhammad Ali
Journal of Maritime Defense Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Privietlab

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55942/jmdt.v1i1.2159

Abstract

Late-industrializing states routinely pursue defence industrial autonomy through procurement-linked technology transfer, yet the resulting capability gains are persistently disappointing. The dominant policy response has been to tighten offset and local content obligations. This article argues that such a response misdiagnoses the constraint. Drawing on absorptive capacity theory, technological capability accumulation, and the economics of military-technology diffusion, it develops the Defence Technology Integrative Capability (DTIC) framework, which specifies defence-industrial capability as the integration of four complementary assets—technoware, humanware, orgaware, and infoware—and argues that their returns are multiplicative rather than additive. The framework's central claim is that capability accumulation is governed by the least-developed asset rather than the average, so that expenditure directed at the wrong margin yields negligible returns. The argument is illustrated with Indonesia, a case selected because it inverts the conventional narrative: SIPRI and World Bank data show Indonesia sustains an expansive defence-industrial programme on a military burden of 0.78 per cent of GDP, gross domestic expenditure on R&D of 0.28 per cent of GDP, and 395 researchers per million inhabitants—roughly one twenty-fourth of the Republic of Korea's research density. No Indonesian firm appears in the SIPRI Top 100. A structured focused comparison with Japan, the Republic of Korea, Türkiye, and India indicates that in each successful case, investment in absorptive infrastructure preceded rather than followed industrial expansion. Seven propositions are derived, an operational measurement instrument is specified, and the implications for offset policies in low-absorptive-capacity economies are drawn. The analysis suggests that offset stringency and local content mandates are weak instruments where the human and organizational base cannot convert transferred knowledge into design capability, and that sequencing—not spending—is the binding policy variable.
Beyond access: Why digital financial literacy must anchor Indonesia’s fintech revolution Waqas Ahmad Watto
Journal of Financial Literacy Vol. 1 No. 2 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Privietlab

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55942/jfl.v1i2.2114

Abstract

Indonesia has become one of the most dynamic financial technology markets in the emerging world, and its policy establishment has celebrated each new milestone in digital adoption as a victory for financial inclusion. In this commentary, I argue that this celebration was premature. Evidence increasingly suggests that access has outpaced capability: Indonesians are acquiring digital financial services faster than they are acquiring the digital financial literacy required to use them safely and productively. Drawing on recent Indonesian empirical studies and the international literature, I make three claims. First, financial literacy exerts no direct effect on fintech adoption in Indonesia, operating only indirectly through user innovativeness, meaning that adoption can flourish among the financially illiterate. Second, digital financial literacy is a construct distinct from traditional financial literacy, with independent effects on saving behavior, financial inclusion, and financial well-being. Third, the gains from capability building are largest precisely for the groups—women, youth, and low-income households—whom adoption-centric policy treats as passive beneficiaries. I conclude that Indonesia’s regulatory agenda must be rebalanced: away from adoption metrics as ends in themselves, and toward a dual strategy in which digital financial literacy anchors rather than trails the fintech revolution.
Two growth regimes in educational knowledge production: A comparative bibliometric analysis of education research in Malaysia and Pakistan in 2000 to 2025 Waqas Ahmad Watto; Muhammad Ali
Journal of Modern Education Research Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Privietlab

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Education research in the Global South has expanded rapidly, yet the structural properties of this expansion remain poorly documented outside a handful of large systems. This study compares the volume, impact, structure, and thematic composition of educational research produced in Malaysia and Pakistan between 2000 and 2025. Using the full-text OpenAlex index, 47,505 records classified in the education subfield and affiliated with institutions in the two countries were retrieved and analyzed (Malaysia = 35,928; Pakistan = 11,577). Performance analysis, Lotka and Bradford modelling, collaboration analysis, and topic profiling were applied, with Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) used as the principal normalised indicator. Both systems grew explosively but under different regimes: Malaysia grew at a compound annual rate of 20.8% and now specializes heavily in education (Activity Index = 1.81), whereas Pakistan grew faster but from a much smaller base (23.0% for 2010–2025; doubling time 3.3 years) and remains under-specialized in education relative to its national output (Activity Index = 0.73). Impact diverged sharply: mean FWCI was 2.33 for Malaysia and 1.72 for Pakistan, with 41.4% and 57.7% of records respectively uncited. In both systems, the citation distribution was extremely concentrated (Gini = 0.820 and 0.875), and author productivity was steeper than Lotka's inverse-square law predicts (fitted exponents of 4.15 and 5.93; Kolmogorov–Smirnov D exceeding critical values in both cases), indicating a large transient author population. International co-authorship carried a substantial premium, more than doubling the normalized impact in Pakistan (FWCI 1.18 domestic vs. 3.29 international). Bilateral Malaysia–Pakistan co-authorship remained thin (416 papers, 0.9% of the combined corpus) but outperformed both national means (FWCI = 3.49). The findings suggest that publication volume in both systems has decoupled from citation visibility and that policy attention should shift from output targets toward collaboration infrastructure and venue quality.
Co-Authors I Gusti Bagus Kurniawan Ranuh Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali