<![CDATA[Fiqh learning in pesantren provides students with strong textual foundations through kitab kuning, yet mastery of texts does not always develop the ability to apply sources to unfamiliar legal problems. Bahtsul masail provides opportunities for contextual problem solving and deliberation, although substantive intellectual participation may remain uneven. This study aims to develop a conceptual participatory fiqh learning model that integrates kitab kuning and bahtsul masail within a structured learning cycle. The study employs a qualitative conceptual review and integrative document synthesis. The corpus consists of 24 scholarly documents published between 2018 and 2026 concerning kitab kuning learning, bahtsul masail, source use, argumentation, critical thinking, and problem solving in pesantren. Data were analyzed through an extraction matrix, thematic coding, cross-source comparison, and conceptual synthesis using productive disciplinary engagement as the primary analytical lens. The synthesis produces a seven-stage model comprising textual foundation, case formulation, ibarah tracing, group deliberation, argument testing, response formulation, and reflection-evaluation. The model positions kitab kuning as the epistemic foundation and bahtsul masail as the arena for applying knowledge. It also provides proposed indicators for case analysis, source relevance, argument quality, role distribution, epistemic participation, and response formulation. The model remains a theoretical proposition because it has not yet been empirically implemented. Future studies are required to test its feasibility and validate the proposed assessment indicators.]]>
