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All Journal Interdisciplinary Social Studies Journal of Social Research Journal Research of Social Science, Economics, and Management
Carolina da Cruz
Universidade Oriental Timor Lorosa’e
Humanities Computer Science & IT Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Public Health Social Sciences

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The Dynamics of Women's Roles in Timor-Leste's Traditional Communities Due to Urbanization Carolina da Cruz
Interdisciplinary Social Studies Vol. 5 No. 4 (2026): Interdisciplinary Social Studies
Publisher : International Journal Labs

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/iss.v5i4.1208

Abstract

Urbanization is a social phenomenon that brings significant changes to the structure of people's lives, including those of traditional communities in Timor-Leste. This process affects women's roles, gender relations, identity, and well-being. This study aimed to analyze changes in women's roles within traditional Timorese communities as a result of urbanization, particularly in the economic, social, cultural, and gender-relations dimensions. The study employed a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach using in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis. Informants were selected purposively based on their social backgrounds, ages, and migration experiences. The data were analyzed thematically through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings showed that urbanization encouraged a shift in women's roles from the domestic sphere to the public and economic spheres, increased their participation in family decision-making, and contributed to the development of more independent identities. However, women also faced various challenges, including double burdens, economic instability, cultural pressures, and limited social protection. Urbanization created opportunities for empowerment but also had the potential to intensify vulnerability when not supported by gender-responsive policies. The study concluded that the effects of urbanization on women were multidimensional and influenced by access to education, decent employment, social networks, and public policy support. Therefore, an inclusive and gender-sensitive development approach is needed to support the well-being of women in traditional communities in Timor-Leste.
Dynamics of Administrative Reform in Timor Leste Carolina da Cruz
Journal of Social Research Vol. 5 No. 10 (2026): Journal of Social Research
Publisher : International Journal Labs (AHU-0028405-AH.01.14 Tahun 2022)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/josr.v5i10.3478

Abstract

Administrative reform is a crucial aspect of post-independence nation-building, particularly in Timor-Leste. Since gaining independence, Timor-Leste has faced significant challenges in establishing an effective, transparent, and accountable public administration system due to limited resources, institutional capacity constraints, and the legacy of previous administrative structures. This study aimed to analyze the dynamics of administrative reform in Timor-Leste, including the factors that facilitated and hindered its implementation. The research employed a qualitative case study approach involving the analysis of policy documents, government reports, and in-depth interviews with public officials and administrative experts. This approach enabled a comprehensive understanding of the reform process, practical challenges, and adaptive strategies implemented in practice. The findings indicated that administrative reform in Timor-Leste had achieved notable progress, including improvements in transparency, the digitalization of public services, and capacity building for civil servants. However, the reform process continued to face structural constraints, including bureaucratic overlap, limited availability of skilled human resources, and resistance to organizational cultural change. In conclusion, the success of administrative reform in Timor-Leste largely depends on inter-institutional coordination, human resource capacity development, and active public participation in evaluating bureaucratic performance. This study provides significant implications for policymakers in designing more effective and sustainable reform strategies.
Bureaucratic Fragmentation and Accountability within the Public Administration System of Timor-Leste Carolina da Cruz
Journal of Social Research Vol. 5 No. 11 (2026): Journal of Social Research (Issue in Progres)
Publisher : International Journal Labs (AHU-0028405-AH.01.14 Tahun 2022)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/josr.v5i11.3479

Abstract

This study aims to analyze bureaucratic fragmentation and government accountability within the public administration system of Timor-Leste and their implications for the implementation of the democratic rule of law. The research focuses on three main aspects: (1) the legal framework and principles governing bureaucratic accountability under the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste; (2) the forms and characteristics of bureaucratic fragmentation; and (3) the implications of bureaucratic fragmentation for government accountability and efforts to strengthen the relevant normative framework. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Legal materials were collected through a literature review of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, laws and regulations governing public administration, administrative law literature, constitutional law doctrine, and contemporary academic studies. The materials were analyzed qualitatively using systematic and teleological interpretation to assess the consistency of accountability principles in the context of bureaucratic fragmentation. The findings demonstrate that: (1) bureaucratic accountability constitutes an inherent constitutional principle derived from the democratic rule of law, popular sovereignty, government accountability to Parliament, equality before the law, and mechanisms of judicial oversight; (2) bureaucratic fragmentation is manifested through the division of administrative authority, institutional and structural fragmentation, functional fragmentation, and vertical fragmentation between the central government and local administrative structures; and (3) bureaucratic fragmentation undermines government accountability, creates ambiguity in the allocation of authority, reduces the effectiveness of oversight, and may result in legal uncertainty for citizens.
Analysis of Legal Protection for Digital Gig Economy Workers in Timor-Leste Carolina da Cruz
Journal Research of Social Science, Economics, and Management Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Journal Research of Social Science, Economics, and Management
Publisher : Publikasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59141/jrssem.v6i2.1746

Abstract

The development of the digital economy has given birth to a new form of employment relationship known as the gig economy, including in the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. Digital gig economy workers are important actors in supporting economic dynamics, but are often in vulnerable positions due to unclear legal status and limited labor protection. This study aims to analyze the applicable legal arrangements, legal status and employment status of digital gig economy workers, and formulate an ideal and equitable legal protection concept in Timor-Leste. The research method used is normative legal research with a legal and conceptual approach, through the study of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, the Labor Law, and international labor doctrines and standards. The results of the study show that although constitutional norms and labor laws have provided a basis for worker protection, the existing legal framework has not optimally reached gig economy workers because it is still oriented towards conventional employment relationships. The legal status of gig economy workers is ambiguous due to their classification as independent partners, which has an impact on the limited protection of workers' basic rights. Therefore, a concept of legal protection that is oriented towards substantial protection, the application of social justice principles, and harmonization with international labor standards, especially the principle of decent work, is needed to ensure inclusive and fair legal protection for digital gig economy workers in Timor-Leste.
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