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All Journal PENDIPA Journal of Science Education Jurnal Sosial Sains dan Komunikasi (Ju-SoSAK) Nexus: Journal of Cross-Disciplinary Insights
Ruffina Nkechinyere Adimonyemma
Nwafor Orizu College of Education Nsugbe, Anambra State, Nigeria
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Energy Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Mathematics Social Sciences

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Socio-Demographic Correlates and Infection Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium and Malaria Co-infection in Ebonyi State Nigeria Ruffina Nkechinyere Adimonyemma; Patience O. Ubachukwu
Jurnal Sosial Sains dan Komunikasi Vol. 4 No. 02 (2026): Jurnal Sosial Sains dan Komunikasi, Inpres 2026
Publisher : SEAN Institute

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Abstract

Schistosoma haematobium and Plasmodium species are still a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, where they coexist in the bodies of the same people and cause similar signs and symptoms in humans. The socio-demographic correlates, prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium and malaria parasite co-infection among the residents of Ebonyi Local Government Area, Ebonyi State Nigeria was investigated. Malaria and Schistosoma haematobium co-infections were studied in Ebonyi Local Government Area (LGA), Nigeria, using the methodology. We approached 1,110 people for an ethical clearance and to obtain their consent to be screened using a urine test. Questionnaires were given and blood and urine specimens were taken for 269 positive cases. Standardized microscopic techniques and hematocrit techniques were used for the evaluation of parasitic infections and blood parameters, respectively, followed by SPSS statistical analysis. Educational status revealed the highest prevalence of S. haematobium single infection (18.2%) and co-infection (45.5%) among participants with no formal education, whereas individuals with tertiary education exhibited the highest malaria single infection prevalence (40.0%), though associations were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Occupationally, co-infection prevalence was highest among those in fishing (100.0%) and trading (62.5%), with non-significant statistical association (P>0.05). The overall mean infection intensities were 2.16±0.21 eggs/10 mL urine for S. haematobium and 6.51±0.48 for malaria parasite, showing no significant variation across age or sex groups (P>0.05). Co-infection of S. haematobium and malaria parasite is prevalent in the study area, with heightened exposure noted among individuals with lower education levels and water-contact occupations. Integrated disease control strategies incorporating vector management, targeted health education, safe water supply, and mass drug administration are recommended to reduce transmission in endemic rural communities.
Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and Malaria Parasite Co-infections in Ebonyi State Nigeria Ruffina Nkechinyere Adimonyemma; Patience O. Ubachukwu
Nexus: Journal of Cross-Disciplinary Insights Vol. 2 No. 2 (2026): Science for a better life
Publisher : Yayasan Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Sisi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69836/nexus.v2i2.436

Abstract

In sub-Saharan Africa, Schistosoma haematobium and malaria parasites are still a great public health problem and can coexist in the same endemic areas, and create serious health problems in its endemic species. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of S. haematobium and Plasmodium parasites single and co-infections in Ebonyi Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, Southeastern Nigeria. A community based cross sectional survey was undertaken of 1110 people who were screened with urinalysis reagent strips for hematuria and proteinuria. 269 people who were positive for the tests were then further examined for parasitological confirmation. The eggs of S. haematobium were identified and quantified by urine centrifugation and microscopy; the blood smears were stained with Giemsa followed by oil immersion microscopy for the detection of Plasmodium species. Data for demography and risk factors were gathered using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed statistically using SPSS version 20.0 at 5% significance level and Chi-square test was used. Out of 269 confirmed cases (47.58% male and 52.42% female), the prevalence of single infection with S. haematobium was 11.9% and that of Malaria parasite was 21.9%, and co-infection was 33.1%. Males exhibited a higher S. haematobium prevalence (14.8%) compared to females (9.2%), though the difference was not statistically significant (). Malaria prevalence was similar between males (22.0%) and females (21.9%) (). Co-infection rates exceeded 30% across the 6–25 age brackets, with no significant variation across age groups (). The high level of co-endemicity of the parasites of S. haematobium and malaria in Ebonyi State indicates high level of co-endemicity of the parasites. The result of this study reinforces the importance of integrated vector control, dual mass drug administration, proper sanitation and safe distribution of water in order to effectively decrease the burden of co-infections in the region.
Parasite Infection Intensity and Clinical Diagnostic Indicators of Schistosoma haematobium Across Socio-Demographic Strata Ruffina Nkechinyere Adimonyemma; Patience O. Ubachukwu; Ogochukwu Caroline Chiamah
PendIPA Journal of Science Education Vol 10 No 4 (2026): October - December
Publisher : UNIB Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33369/pendipa.10.4.1267-1274

Abstract

Schistosoma haematobium is responsible for urogenital schistosomiasis which is still a significant public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. To better inform targeted interventions and control measures, it is important to know how the intensity of parasite infection and clinical diagnostic indicators differ by socio-demographic groups. The study was carried out in Ebonyi Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, Nigeria with a population of mainly farmers, traders and civil servants. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ozalla and informed consent was obtained from the respondents. Using a survey design, urine reagent strips for micro-hematuria and proteinuria were used to screen 1,110 subjects. 269 screen positive people were interviewed using a questionnaire that included socio-demographic, health and behavioral information, as well as biological samples. Mid-day urine samples were centrifuged to assess Schistosoma haematobium eggs and Giemsa stained thick blood smears were examined under oil immersion microscopy for Plasmodium parasites. Data were analysed statistically at 5% level of significance using SPSS version 20.0, chi-square test, ANOVA and Student's t-test were used. No significant differences were seen in infection intensities (p>0.05) of Schistosoma haematobium and malaria with educational level or occupation, with primary-educated, civil servants, and farmers having higher mean infections. In conclusion, micro-hematuria was the most common diagnostic index (63.2%). There was no significant gender difference for clinical indicators (p>0.05) and males had higher levels of proteinuria and reported symptoms. Micro-hematuria, proteinuria, reported blood and painful urination were significantly different between age groups (p<0.05) with the highest levels observed in children and young adults. The combination of rapid point-of-care indicators, age-targeted mass drug administration, and school-based health education will play a key role in control of urogenital schistosomiasis in endemic communities.
Co-Authors Ogochukwu Caroline Chiamah Patience O. Ubachukwu