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All Journal International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences
Nor Adila Mhd Omar
Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
Earth & Planetary Sciences Environmental Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Physics

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Amaranthus dubius seeds oil extraction using green solvent approach with terpenes Rachma Tia Evitasari; Gita Indah Budiarti; Endah Sulistiawati; Adi Permadi; Ika Dyah Kumalasari; Nazira Mahmud; Nor Adila Mhd Omar
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences Vol 15, No 3: September 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v15.i3.pp964-974

Abstract

This research will explore the potential for utilizing wild amaranth (Amaranthus dubius) seeds, which are abundant and have not been utilized in Indonesia. This research will focus on optimizing the amaranth seed oil extraction process using the response surface method and the characteristics of the oil produced from amaranth seeds. The solvent used in this research is a biobased green solvent, terpenes. This research aims to explore the potential of utilizing wild amaranth seeds by optimizing the oil extraction process using a biobased green solvent, terpenes, through the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicate that the terpenes solvent contains various terpenoids such as α-pinene, β-pinene, and camphene. By applying ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and optimizing the critical process parameters (liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time) through a Box-Behnken RSM design, the maximum oil yield was achieved under environmentally friendly conditions. The optimum condition was reached at a solvent-to-solid ratio of 5.13 ml/0.1 g, a temperature of 49.39 °C, and an extraction time of 47 minutes. With these optimal parameters, the predicted oil yield was 2.04%. The optimized extraction not only delivered a high-quality oil-rich extract but also minimized solvent residue, energy consumption, and hazardous emissions.
Co-Authors Endah Sulistiawati Evitasari, Rachma Tia Gita Indah Budiarti Ika Dyah Kumalasari Nazira Mahmud Permadi, Adi