Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis require strong self-efficacy to successfully adapt to lifelong treatment demands. Self-efficacy may be influenced by both internal and external factors, particularly social support and family resilience. However, limited studies have examined how these factors are associated with self-efficacy among patients receiving hemodialysis. This study aimed to examine the relationships among social support, family resilience, and self-efficacy among CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 78 patient–family caregiver dyads selected through total sampling. Data were collected using the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire (WFRQ), and Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Efficacy (CKD-SE) instrument. Spearman’s rank correlation test was used to analyze relationships among variables. The findings revealed that social support was not significantly associated with self-efficacy (r = 0.130, p = 0.257). Conversely, family resilience demonstrated a moderate positive and statistically significant relationship with self-efficacy (r = 0.404, p < 0.01). These results suggest that family resilience showed a stronger positive association with self-efficacy than social support. The study emphasizes the importance of family-centered care in supporting patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis. Nurses are encouraged to assess patients’ psychosocial support systems, involve families in education and care planning, foster effective therapeutic communication, and promote adaptive coping mechanisms to improve patients’ self-efficacy and treatment adaptation.