<![CDATA[Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and its pharmacological management often involves multiple medications that may increase the risk of potential drug–drug interactions (pDDIs). This study aimed to describe the profile of pDDIs and evaluate their associations with age, gender, number of medications, and comorbidities among outpatients with CHD at Jakarta Cempaka Putih Islamic Hospital. An analytical observational study with a retrospective cross-sectional design was conducted using medical records of 200 outpatients treated between January and March 2026. Total sampling was applied to eligible patients with complete medical records and concurrent use of at least two medications. Potential drug interactions were identified using Drugs.com and Medscape, while descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed using SPSS. Of the 200 patients, 190 (95.0%) had at least one potential drug interaction, with 848 drug-pair occurrences identified. Pharmacodynamic interactions predominated, accounting for 713 occurrences (84.1%), while pharmacokinetic interactions accounted for 135 (15.9%). Most interactions were classified as moderate in severity (782; 92.2%), followed by major (38; 4.5%) and minor interactions (28; 3.3%). Bisoprolol and candesartan constituted the most frequently identified interacting drug pair, with 68 occurrences (8.02%). Bivariate analysis revealed no statistically significant associations between pDDIs and age (p = 0.499), gender (p = 1.000), or number of medications (p = 0.603). However, cardiovascular disorders (p < 0.001) and other comorbidities (p = 0.017) were significantly associated with pDDIs, whereas hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and renal disorders were not. These findings demonstrate the high prevalence of potential drug interactions among CHD outpatients and emphasize the importance of routine medication review, systematic interaction screening, and appropriate clinical monitoring. Collaborative pharmaceutical care is essential to support rational prescribing and improve medication safety.]]>
