<![CDATA[This study aims to develop an ESP32-based Internet of Things (IoT) instructional model that integrates multiple approaches within a Project-Based Learning (PjBL) framework and to evaluate its feasibility and effectiveness. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model, with the implementation phase involving a one-group pretest–posttest design and 33 vocational high school students. The developed instructional model integrates PictoBlox as a block-based programming tool, C++ code conversion, Wokwi as a virtual laboratory, Arduino IDE, ESP32, and Blynk into a systematic instructional framework. Expert validation indicated that the instructional model was feasible for classroom implementation. The implementation results showed that the mean learning score increased from 70.00 on the pretest to 90.10 on the posttest. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores (p < .001), while the N-gain score was 0.44, indicating a moderate level of improvement. These findings suggest that the proposed ESP32-based IoT instructional model, which integrates multiple approaches within a Project-Based Learning framework, is feasible and has the potential to improve students’ learning outcomes in vocational IoT education. The model also provides practical implications for vocational teachers by offering a systematic framework for IoT instruction, supporting vocational curriculum implementation, and providing a basis for adaptation to other vocational programs, such as electronics and electrical engineering.]]>
