<![CDATA[Sustainable growth of beef cattle production in tropical smallholder systems depends on the interaction between reproductive efficiency, herd structure, and farmer capacity. This study aimed to provide an integrated analysis of reproductive performance, herd structure, and farmer characteristics in a tropical smallholder beef cattle system. The research was conducted in the Pangean District, Kuantan Singingi Regency, Indonesia, using a survey approach involving 120 farmers and direct observation of 605 cattle. Reproductive performance data were obtained from artificial insemination records of 93 cows in 2019 and 69 cows in 2020. Key indicators included service per conception (S/C), conception rate (CR), and non-return rate (NRR), while population structure was analyzed based on age and sex composition, and farmer characteristics included age, education, and farming experience. The results showed that The reproductive indicators showed different responses between 2019 and 2020. Service per conception (S/C) decreased significantly (p<0.05), indicating improved breeding efficiency. Conception rate (CR) increased from 79% to 85%, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05), suggesting stable fertilization capacity. In contrast, non-return rate (NRR) increased significantly from 79% to 85% (p<0.05), indicating improved post-insemination outcomes. Adult females dominated the herd structure, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2, indicating strong reproductive potential. However, the generally low formal education level of farmers was associated with limitations in reproductive management practices.In conclusion, reproductive performance in tropical smallholder systems is shaped by the interaction between biological factors, population structure, and farmer capacity. Improving reproductive efficiency requires strengthening farmer knowledge, especially estrus detection and decision-making at the farm level.]]>
