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Cooperative Security and the US–South Korea–Japan Trilateral Framework: Responding to North Korean Nuclear Threats and China’s Rise in East Asia Dera Auliya; Deasy Silvya Sari; Anggia Utami Dewi
Journal of Social Work and Science Education Vol. 8 No. 1 (2027): Forthcoming Issue
Publisher : Yayasan Sembilan Pemuda Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52690/jswse.v8i1.1739

Abstract

North Korea’s nuclear aggression and China’s military modernization in East Asia and the Indo-Pacific have pushed the United States, South Korea, and Japan to strengthen Trilateral Security Cooperation (TSC). This study aims to explain the role of TSC in addressing these dual threats through the perspective of Cooperative Security. Using a qualitative descriptive-analytical method, this study analyzes secondary data from academic journals, government policy reports, trilateral agreements, defense white papers, and news reports. The analysis employs Richard Cohen and Michael Mihalka’s Cooperative Security framework, particularly The Four Rings: Individual Security, Collective Security, Collective Defense, and Promoting Stability. The results show that TSC serves as a framework for defense integration by shifting fragmented bilateral cooperation toward interdependent cooperation with a division of functional roles: South Korea focuses on ground combat defense, Japan provides maritime logistics and military bases, and the United States acts as the guarantor of nuclear deterrence. The novelty of this study lies in applying the Four Rings framework to systematically explain the functional division within TSC. Practically, the findings offer a reference for policymakers in designing coordinated defense mechanisms and transparent crisis management. The study contributes to the literature on cooperative security and alliance politics by showing how minilateral cooperation can maintain regional stability without a formal joint defense treaty.
From Co-Development to Direct Procurement: Explaining the Technology-Transfer Gap in the Indonesia–South Korea KF-21 Boramae Program, (2010–2026) Nuzulla Al-Fitrah Haris; Yanyan Mochammad Yani; Anggia Utami Dewi
Journal of Social Work and Science Education Vol. 8 No. 1 (2027): Forthcoming Issue
Publisher : Yayasan Sembilan Pemuda Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52690/jswse.v8i1.1743

Abstract

This study examines why technology transfer (ToT) in the Indonesia–South Korea KF-21 Boramae program deviated from its initial design and how the shift from co-development and planned domestic co-production toward direct procurement can be understood within the broader framework of bilateral defense cooperation. Using qualitative document analysis, the study analyzes official government statements, institutional documents, credible news reports, and relevant academic literature published between 2010 and 2026 through an integrated framework of defense diplomacy, defense offset, and absorptive capacity. The findings show that the shift toward direct procurement represents a recalibration of the program’s industrial component rather than the termination of Indonesia–South Korea defense cooperation. The gap between the initial ToT design and its implementation was shaped by recurring payment delays, concerns over sensitive technical data, changing bargaining conditions, and limitations in Indonesia’s absorptive capacity for advanced aerospace manufacturing. The study’s novelty lies in explaining the post-2025 transformation of the KF-21 partnership by treating ToT as a distinct process rather than merely an outcome of defense diplomacy. Practically, the findings highlight the need for realistic technology-transfer targets and clearer contractual contingency mechanisms. The study contributes an integrated analytical framework for explaining how defense-industrial cooperation can be substantially recalibrated while broader defense diplomacy remains intact.