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All Journal PROCEEDING ICTESS (Internasional Conference on Technology, Education and Social Sciences)
Nurshila Ahmad
University Malaysia Sabah
Computer Science & IT Education Social Sciences

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The Role of Energy Mix (Coal, Renewables, Natural Gas) on Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in Developing Countries Thivyah Ramais; Nurshila Ahmad
PROCEEDING ICTESS (Internasional Conference on Technology, Education and Social Sciences) Vol 8 (2026): ICTESS 8th
Publisher : Universitas Slamet Riyadi Surakarta

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Abstract

Energy consumption plays a critical role in shaping economic growth and environmental outcomes, particularly in developing countries experiencing rapid industrialization and rising energy demand. This study examines the impact of the energy mix specifically coal, renewable energy, and natural gas consumption on economic growth and CO₂ emissions in developing countries. Using annual panel data from 30 developing countries over the period 2014–2023, the study employs a quantitative panel econometric approach, applying Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (POLS), Fixed Effects Model (FEM), and Random Effects Model (REM), with the Hausman specification test used for model selection. Economic growth is measured by GDP growth rate, while environmental impact is proxied by CO₂ emissions per capita. The empirical findings indicate that the composition of the energy mix significantly influences both economic growth and CO₂ emissions. Coal and natural gas consumption contribute positively to economic growth but are associated with higher CO₂ emissions, whereas renewable energy consumption supports economic growth with relatively lower environmental costs. These results highlight the importance of transitioning towards a cleaner energy mix to achieve sustainable growth. The study provides empirical evidence to inform energy and environmental policy in developing economies by emphasizing the need for a gradual shift from coal-based energy toward renewable energy, with natural gas serving as a transitional fuel.
Determinants of Fintech Adoption: Panel Data Evidence from Developing Countries THEVANRACH Selvakumaran; Nurshila Ahmad
PROCEEDING ICTESS (Internasional Conference on Technology, Education and Social Sciences) Vol 8 (2026): ICTESS 8th
Publisher : Universitas Slamet Riyadi Surakarta

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Abstract

FinTech adoption has expanded rapidly, but its development remains uneven across developing countries because digital infrastructure, economic capacity, institutional conditions, and macroeconomic environments differ substantially. This study investigates the determinants of FinTech adoption using annual panel data for selected developing countries over 2010–2023. The analysis examines GDP per capita, internet penetration, regulatory quality, and interest rates using static and dynamic panel-data methods. Static specifications are evaluated through pooled ordinary least squares, random effects, and fixed effects, followed by diagnostic tests and Driscoll–Kraay robust standard errors. Dynamic specifications are estimated using difference and system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), with the Two-Step System GMM model selected on the basis of the reported Hansen test. The static results indicate that GDP per capita and internet penetration are positively associated with FinTech adoption, while regulatory quality and interest rates are not statistically significant in the preferred Driscoll–Kraay fixed-effects specification. The dynamic results show strong persistence in FinTech adoption, a positive and significant effect of GDP per capita, and negative and significant effects of regulatory quality and interest rates, while internet penetration is positive but statistically insignificant. The findings indicate that FinTech adoption is shaped by economic capacity and technological access, while institutional and macroeconomic effects become more evident when persistence and potential endogeneity are considered.
Co-Authors THEVANRACH Selvakumaran Thivyah Ramais