<![CDATA[The curriculum changes from KTSP, 2013 Curriculum, to Merdeka Curriculum show the development of Biology learning direction, including biotechnology material. Biotechnology material is important because it is related to the development of science and technology and its application in the fields of food, health, environment, and daily life. This study aims to analyze the comparison of learning outcomes of biotechnology material in KTSP, 2013 Curriculum, and Merdeka Curriculum based on the form of competency formulation, Operational Verbs (KKO) and cognitive level, material depth, and integration of 21st century competencies. The study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with document analysis techniques. Data were obtained from curriculum documents containing Competency Standards and Basic Competencies in KTSP, Core Competencies and Basic Competencies in 2013 Curriculum, and Learning Outcomes in Merdeka Curriculum. The research results show a shift in the KKO (Competency Based Learning) from identifying, explaining, and stating in the KTSP (Curriculum for Advanced Learning) to more complex KKO, such as analyzing, applying, evaluating, and designing in the 2013 Curriculum and the Independent Curriculum. This shift demonstrates an increase in cognitive demands, shifting from basic understanding and application to analysis, evaluation, and creation. In terms of material depth, the KTSP emphasizes basic concepts and conventional biotechnology, the 2013 Curriculum expands the material to applications and modern biotechnology, while the Independent Curriculum focuses on more contextual and integrative learning through the interconnectedness of concepts, technology, the environment, and real-life issues. The integration of 21st-century competencies is also increasingly strong, demonstrated by an emphasis on critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, communication, problem-solving, scientific literacy, and reflection on bioethical issues. Thus, biotechnology learning outcomes have gradually evolved from an orientation toward mastery of concepts to more complex, contextual, and integrative learning oriented toward the development of 21st-century competencies.]]>
