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All Journal Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
Salina Mat Radzi
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

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Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil over a Magnetic Fe–Zr Nanocatalyst Balqis Adlina Omar; Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman; Farah Wahida Harun; Salina Mat Radzi; Nor Zida Rosly
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2026 (December 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20764

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and low-cost biodiesel production has driven interest in waste cooking oil (WCO) as an alternative feedstock. In this study, a mesoporous magnetic Fe–Zr nanocatalyst with a specific surface area of 203.12 m²/g was synthesized via co-precipitation followed by incipient wetness impregnation and evaluated for the transesterification of WCO. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst loading were investigated and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Central Composite Design (CCD), with a fixed methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1. The fitted quadratic model showed a strong agreement with the experimental data, with an R² of 0.9894. The model predicted a maximum biodiesel yield of 81.992 % at a reaction temperature of 80 °C, reaction time of 4 h, and catalyst loading of 5 wt.%. Following transesterification, the acid value of the WCO-derived biodiesel decreased from 3.228 to 0.865 mg KOH/g. The Fe–Zr nanocatalyst demonstrated effective catalytic performance and facile magnetic separation, indicating its potential as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from WCO under the investigated conditions. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Co-Authors Balqis Adlina Omar Farah Wahida Harun Nor Zida Rosly Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman