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All Journal Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Science Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Lina Winarti
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, East Java, Indonesia
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience

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Formulation Optimization of Diphenhydramine HCl Lotion using Palm Fat–Water Ratios Modeled by Simplex Lattice Design Lina Winarti; Adelya Resti Aanisah; Amirah Mohd Gazzali; Fahrauk Faramayuda; Evi Umayah Ulfa; Dwi Nurahmanto
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 14, No 5 (2026): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.27407

Abstract

Palm fat is a natural base derived from a mixture of hydrogenated palm kernel oil and hydrogenated palm kernel stearin, containing triglycerides composed of glycerol and fatty acids. It has potential as an emollient base due to its stability, non-irritant properties, and compatibility with various active substances. However, its application in lotion formulations has not been widely explored. This study aimed to determine the effect of the palm fat-to-water ratio on the physical characteristics and to obtain the optimum formulation using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method for Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride lotion. Three formulations with varying proportions of palm fat and water (20–35% and 57.71–72.71%, respectively) were evaluated through physical characterization (organoleptic, homogeneity, and emulsion type), and response testing (pH, viscosity, spreadability, stability, and drug release flux). The optimum formulation was determined using Design-Expert 13.0.0 based on the desirability value. The results showed that the composition of palm fat and water had a significant impact on the physical characteristics and response variables. The optimum formula consisted of 32.285% palm fat and 53.863% distilled water, with a pH of 4.866; spreadability of 7 cm; viscosity of 34,969 mPas; release flux of 353.374 μg/cm²·min½; and a stability value of 0.753, resulting in a desirability value of 0.929. In conclusion, the composition of palm fat and water strongly influences the physical properties and drug release performance of Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride lotion, and the Simplex Lattice Design effectively determines the optimal formulation.
Formulation Optimization of Diphenhydramine HCl Lotion using Palm Fat–Water Ratios Modeled by Simplex Lattice Design Lina Winarti; Adelya Resti Aanisah; Amirah Mohd Gazzali; Fahrauk Faramayuda; Evi Umayah Ulfa; Dwi Nurahmanto
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 14, No 5 (2026): J.Food.Pharm.Sci
Publisher : Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jfps.27407

Abstract

Palm fat is a natural base derived from a mixture of hydrogenated palm kernel oil and hydrogenated palm kernel stearin, containing triglycerides composed of glycerol and fatty acids. It has potential as an emollient base due to its stability, non-irritant properties, and compatibility with various active substances. However, its application in lotion formulations has not been widely explored. This study aimed to determine the effect of the palm fat-to-water ratio on the physical characteristics and to obtain the optimum formulation using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method for Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride lotion. Three formulations with varying proportions of palm fat and water (20–35% and 57.71–72.71%, respectively) were evaluated through physical characterization (organoleptic, homogeneity, and emulsion type), and response testing (pH, viscosity, spreadability, stability, and drug release flux). The optimum formulation was determined using Design-Expert 13.0.0 based on the desirability value. The results showed that the composition of palm fat and water had a significant impact on the physical characteristics and response variables. The optimum formula consisted of 32.285% palm fat and 53.863% distilled water, with a pH of 4.866; spreadability of 7 cm; viscosity of 34,969 mPas; release flux of 353.374 μg/cm²·min½; and a stability value of 0.753, resulting in a desirability value of 0.929. In conclusion, the composition of palm fat and water strongly influences the physical properties and drug release performance of Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride lotion, and the Simplex Lattice Design effectively determines the optimal formulation.
Co-Authors Adelya Resti Aanisah Amirah Mohd Gazzali Dwi Nurahmanto Evi Umayah Ulfa Fahrauk Faramayuda