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STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE LEMBEH STRAITS AND ADJACENT WATER, NORTH SULAWESI Suharsono, -
Marine Research in Indonesia Vol 37 No 2 (2012)
Publisher : Research Center for Oceanography - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Lembeh reefs and its water surrounding are among the richest and most diverse in marine biota in Indonesia. The biota and reefs in this area have an important contribution to the provinceâ??s economy in the form of tourisms and fishery activities. An inventory using line intercept transect and free collection on the coral diversity has been conducted in four different locations showed that live coral cover ranging from 12.2â??60.7% while sand rubble ranged from 4.67 to 78.67%. Among the life form categories, sponge dominated other biota with 0.47â??21.97% coverage. Macro algae and turf algae cover were low at all sites, with average less than 2.07%. A total of 193 corals species belonging to 68 genera were recognized from this area. The differences among sites may be consequences of water quality, habitat variability and condition of the land base activities. Water turbidity in the coastal area of Kema was high due to the effects of water discharge from river mouth. Further, poor land management, development of port and human settlement leading to sedimentation, water pollution and poor water quality, remain the primary causes of reefs declines. Busy harbor and local sea transportation will be the major cause of coral reef degradation in the near future. There is a need to increase awareness of local people about the important of coral reefs and to develop management and conservation efforts involving scientists, academe and tourist operators. In addition, it is a need to strengthen the capabilities and capacities of institutions that concern reef management and enforce legislation.Â

THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND SPECIES DIVERSITY OF SPONGES ON CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS IN THE LEMBEH STRAIT, BITUNG Hadi, Tri Aryono; Suharsono, -; Hadiyanto, -; Budiyanto, Agus; Wentao, Niu
Marine Research in Indonesia Vol 40 No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Research Center for Oceanography - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Sponges are one of the most diverse benthos in the coral reef ecosystem. They have many morphological characters that are specific to species, and their existence is influenced by environmental conditions. The aims of this study are to observe the relationship between morphological and species diversity of sponges in coral reef ecosystem in the Lembeh Strait and investigate the most influential environmental factor on sponge diversity. The study was carried out between April and May 2013 at nine study sites. The methods used were belt transect and line intersect transect (LIT) installed parallel to the coastline at approximately 5-meter depth. Our study supports a positive correlation between the morphological diversity and species diversity of sponges. Many of the morphological growth types were specific to sites that have particular characteristics. The percentage of the live coral cover is not a critical factor for sponge diversity in the strait. Instead, dead coral with algae as a benthic category has a significant positive correlation with the morphological and species diversity of sponges. Conversely, rubble as a substrate type has a strong tendency to affect sponge diversity negatively. To conclude, it is important to maintain healthy reefs in order to sustain benthic communities that are valuable to ecological functions and societies. Keywords:sponges, diversity, coral reefs, Lembeh Strait

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATE Symbiodinium microadriaticum LIVING IN THE SEA ANEMONE Anemonia viridis Suharsono, -
Marine Research in Indonesia Vol 28 (1992)
Publisher : Research Center for Oceanography - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

The zooxanthella, Symbiodinum microadriaticum, an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate shows variation in its ultrastructure within its population in the sea anemone, Anemonia viridis. Such variation included the number of thylakoid, the structure of inclusions and the structure of amphiesma. The string-like structure was also found in the nucleoplasm. Some zooxanthellae have a branching or double pyrenoid with two or three stalks. Under certain condition, which are not clearly understood, two or three zooxanthellae are enclosed within one very thick membrane.

A FORMULATION APPROACH TO QUANTIFY THE ABUNDANCE OF CORAL GENERA Suharsono, -; Giyanto, -
Marine Research in Indonesia Vol 31 (2006)
Publisher : Research Center for Oceanography - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

A formulation approach to quantify the abundance of coral genera is considered important to obtain basic information necessary in determining the potency and condition of coral, and one application can also be used to set quota for coral trade. The line intercept method has been used in five different area throughout Indonesian archipelago representing prestine area to heavy disturbances. Based on the number of occurrence, the genera dominance, the size of colony and the coral coverage in each study area was assigned scale, weight and value. The calculation gave the range of Total Value (TV) from 5 -20 and the assignment abundance category of coral genera is 17-20 very common, 14-16 common, 11-13 uncommon, 8 -10 rare, and 5-7 very rare. The categorization of each coral genus of certain area can be used to consider whether it can be harvested or not. Suggestion based on this study as follow: coral genera categorized as "very common" can be harvest, coral genera categorized as "common" can be harvest with caution, coral genera categorized as "uncommon", harvest are limited, coral genera as "rare", harvest are strictly limited and coral genera as "very rare" are prohibited to harvest.

TIMING OF LARVAL RELEASE BY REEF CORAL Pocillopora damicornis AT PANJANG ISLAND, CENTRAL JAVA Munasik, -; Suharsono, -; Situmorang, J.; Kamiso, H. N.
Marine Research in Indonesia Vol 33 No 1 (2008)
Publisher : Research Center for Oceanography - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Monthly larval release by the coral Pocillopora damicornis at Panjang Island, Central Java was investigated. Corals were collected from windward and leeward and maintained in outdoor, flow-trough system to quantify nightly release of larvae. Larval release of the coral occurs every month throughout the year, and its planulation increased during dry monsoon. Monthly planulation occurs from new moon to full moon and possesses in different pattern between single and paired colonies. Planulation in paired colonies occurred in single peak and more synchronized in each colony however single colonies planulated in double peaks and less synchronized in each colony. This study confirmed that planulation period of P. damicornis at Panjang Island over a range of lunar phases with shorter periods of peak release which predominantly controlling by tidal range rather than lunar cycle.

OVERVIEW OF THE SUCCESSFUL CORAL REEF MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA Suharsono, -
Marine Research in Indonesia Vol 35 No 1 (2010)
Publisher : Research Center for Oceanography - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14203/mri.v35i1.477

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, composed of 18,110 islands with a coastline of 108,900 km long, extending some 5000 km long and 2000 km wide located between Asia and Australia. Coral reefs have important meaning and value for the coastal communities in term of economic, social, and cultural conditions. About 1.5 million people are traditional fishermen who live in subsistence level and depend on their lives fully on coral reefs' resources. The Indonesian coral reef contributed 14% of the world, distributed unevenly from Sabang to Merauke with the highest concentration around Sulawesi and Maluku. The species richness and the biodiversity of the Indonesian corals amounted to 590 species belonging to 82 genera or about 80% of the currently existing coral species in the world. Monitoring program has been done from 1993 to 2010 and it shows the trend of improvement in the term of live coral cover. The condition of coral reefs in Indonesia taken from 84 locations and 1048 sites were 50.54% in excellent condition, 26.72% in good condition, 37.21% in fair condition, and 30.82% in bad condition. Improving trends in live coral cover across all project sites shows that the live coral covers has increased in all monitored sites across all project districts with average yearly live coral coverage increase is about 2-5%. The National Policy, Strategy, and Action Plan was established, with its main objective of managing the coral reef ecosystems based on the balance between conservation and utilization, and it was reflected in the Law No. 27 of 2007 concerning coastal management and small islands. The most remarkable result of the program is community awareness, namely the decrease of fishing activities shows that the destructive fishing activities in all project district are now non-existent of at a minimal level. A special text books on marine lives for elementary, secondary, and high school is the most widely adopted by local education service as a book of local content. Whereas institutional strengthening program constitutes the most difficult, energy and time consuming activities. It is due to the rivaly between the local institution and the lac of officials' and the communities' knowledge on the conservation based management principle.

CRYPTIC MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF RAJA AMPAT ISLANDS Hoeksema, Bert W.; Tuti, Yosephine; Suharsono, -
Marine Research in Indonesia Vol 34 No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Research Center for Oceanography - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

During a marine field survey in Raja Ampat as part of Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (E-win), 21 scientists, studied the area's cryptic biota on coral reefs and in marine lakes. Cryptic species lead hidden lives due to their small size, successful camouflage or mimicry, or because they live in habitats that are easily overlooked or hard to access. Hundreds of species were sampled, many of which still have to be identified. The species richness of Raja Ampat appears to be very high, even among other areas within the centre of maximum marine biodiversity, the so-called Coral Triangle.

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