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COAL UPGRADING TECHNOLOGY FOR INDONESIAN LIGNITE Silalahi, Lambok Hilarius; Deguchi, Tetsuya; Makino, Eiichiro
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 5, No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Langkah strategis untuk promosi aplikasi teknologi upgrading lignit diIndonesia telah menjadi bahasan. Tulisan ini memberian pemikiran danpertimbangan cara-acra proosi teknologi yang sedang dalam proseskomersialisasi. Perubahan secara drastic suplai dan demand energi diselruhdunia telah mendorong Indonesia untuk mengkaji kebijakan berjalan untumengantisipasi perubahan di tahun-tahun mendatang. Salahs atu perubaanyang mendasar adalah meningkatnya demand batubara, selama batubaramasih dinilai sebagai bahanbakar yang paling ekonomis dibandingkan sumberenergy lainya, meskipun harga batubara masih cukup tinggi mengikuti hargabahan bakar minyak. Oleh karena batubara merupakan potensi terbesar didalam negeri, perubahan yang sangat mendasar kebijakan energi, khususnyamenyangkut pendayagunaan batubara peringkat rendah menjadi sangatpenting mengingat hampir 70% dari total cadangan batubara sebesar 57,8miliar ton merupaan batubara peringkat rendah. Indonesia telah menaikkanvolume ekspor batubara per tahun meskipun terjadi krisis ekonomi baru-baruini. Kebutuhan domestik batubara masih bersifat flat disebabkan krisis ekonomi.Diprediksi demand akan meningkat karena subsid bahan bakar minya secarabertahap akan dihapuskan dan batubara merupakan energy alternative.Mengingat situasi tersebut usaha promosi teknologi upgrading batubara sudahseharusnya dipercepat. Untuk itu diperlukan seleksi teknologi yang berpegangefektifitas biaya, ramah lingkungan dan menghasilkan produk batubara dengannilai kalor tinggi dan tidak mudah terbakar. Hasil pengoperasian pilot plant 5ton per hari yang terdapat di Palimanan,Cirebon, Jawa Barat yang merupakanproyek kerjasama Indonesia dengan Jepang, untuk konfirmasi kinerja enjiniringpada proses yang kontinyu juga menjadi topik bahasan dalam tulisan ini.Keywords: coal upgrading technology, upgrading brown coal, pilot plant, lowrank coal, Cirebon

EVALUASI KINERJA KATALIS LIMONIT SOROAKO PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN Silalahi, Lambok Hilarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 2, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Investigation of Limonite for catalyst on South Banko coal liquefaction werecarried out under standard condition which has developed by BPPT. LimoniteSoroako is a natural mineral that found at Nickel Mining on Soroako, SouthSulawesi.Four samples of limonite was examined using 5L autoclave at our coalliquefaction laboratory in order to investigate their activities to produce highdistillate yield at standard condition (450oC, 9MPa cold H2).The results showedthat limonite S99-E-MY gave a higher distillate yield than those of other limonite(difference about 10-30%daf coal or %bkta). Further investigations wereconducted to compare with other catalysts: synthetic g?FeOOH and pyrite (FeS2).Again, the activity of limonite S99-E-MY was still superior compared to those ofsynthetic and pyrite catalysts. The yield difference was about 10-16%daf coal or%bkta).Experiment revealed that the factor of FeOOH critically affected the coalliquefaction reaction to improve the distillate yield and to reduce CLB yield.Besides, the representative of Co metal in the limonite (?5-10 %bk) could givesynergism effect with FeOOH to improve the activity of limonite.Kata Kunci: g?FeOOH, pyrite (FeS2), limonite, soroako, coal liquefaction

PENGEMBANGAN DAN KOMERSIALISASI TEKNIK PENCAIRAN BATUBARA LANGSUNG (DIRECT LIQUEFACTION) DI INDONESIA Silalahi, Lambok Hilarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 3, No 1 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

The latest status of the Coal Liquefaction project in Indonesia which had beenconducted over a decade is discussed. This paper provides some reviews of allactivities that have been made during the past 10 years under the collaborationbetween Japan and Indonesia. Currently, the situation has changed that coalliquefaction has been reconsidered as an important technology which should beimmediately introduced and demonstrated in Indonesia, not only because thecurrent oil price increased, but also in order to reduce the dependency onimported oil. This paper provides some suggestions and consideration on how topromote the Brown Coal Liquefaction (BCL) process toward commercialization inIndonesia. Since coal shares the biggest energy consumption in Indonesia, agreat measure of effective utilization of low grade coal is ultimately important,since almost 70% of the total 104 billion tons of coal resources are classified aslow-rank coal. In view of this situation, the promotion of coal liquefactiontechnology should be more accelerated. The comparison of inland and coastalsite mine-mouth coal lique faction plant is made to confirm the feasibility of bothperspectives for priority implementation.Kata kunci: coal liquefaction, feasibility study, coastal case

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT ON THE IMPLEMENTION OF COAL LIQUEFACTION PROJECT IN INDONESIA Silalahi, Lambok Hilarius; Saleh, Muksin; Tamura, Masaaki
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 5, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Proyek pencairan batubara dinilai mempunyai kontribusi yang besar bagi suplai energydi masa mendatang khususnya untuk suplai bahan bakar otomotif domestic. Sebelumdilakukan implementasi pabrik skala DEMO perlu diinvestigasi dampak pabrikpencairan batubara khususnya kualitas limbah cair dan sifat racun dari limbahpadat.Tulisan ini menguraikan regulasi atau peraturan lingkungan dan standardambang batas cemaran terkait dengan prediksi limbaha yang dibebaskan dari pabrikdan teknik manajemen limbah.SIstem perlakuan atau penanganan limbah cair yangdipakai di pabrik pencairan batubara secara ringkar dibahas. Lebih jauh polusi lainnyaseperti odor/bau, partikel, ludge, kebisingan dan emsi gas juga didiskusikan.Keywords: pencairan batubara, pabrik pencairan batubara, kualitas limbah cair,standard lingkungan, polusi, odor, regulasi, sludge, kebisingan, emisi gas

ECONOMICS OF BCL PROCESS FOR BERAU AND MULIA COAL IN KALIMANTAN Silalahi, Lambok Hilarius; Tamura, Masaaki; Yanai, Shunichi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 4, No 1 (2008)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

BPPT dan Kobe Steel telah berhasil melaksanakan studi kelayakan (1999-2001)pencairan batubara untuk memproduksi bahan bakar bersih dari batubara BAnkoSumatera Selatan. Pada tahun fiscal 2002 lokasi pabrik dan bahan umpan sudahdigantikan dengan lokasi tepi pantai. Tujuan utama studi untuk menginvestigasipengaruh lokasi pabrik terhadap keekonomian proyek, dan identifikasi kelayakanproyek pencairan batubara secara langsung sebagai pabrik komersal priponir diIndonesia. Tuisan ini membahas secara ringkas analisa keekonomian pabrik.Ditemukan kualitas batubara Mulia dan Berau mempunyai karakteristik pencairanyang superior, pabrik pencairan pionir seharusnya dibangun di tepi pantai.Terdapat reduksi yang signifikan dalam biaya konstruksi, shipping, dan biayatransportasi produk. Analisis financial berdasarkan metode DCFmerekomendasikan pabrik dengan kapasitas 12,000 ton per hari menghasilkanminyak batubara pada tahun 2011, pada tingkat harga US$ 23.3/bbl FOB BerauLati and US$ 26.1/bbl FOB Mulia Satui. Minyak batubara hasil pencairanbatubara Berau lebih murah dari Mulia karena batubara Berau kadar airnya lebihrendah dan struktur yield produk lebih baik. Pabrik pionir skala 3,000 ton per haridi Berau Lati mungkin layak jika diberikan insentif dapat menghasilkan hargayang lebih rendah, bunga pinjaman lebih rendah dan lainnya.Keywords: batubara berau, batubara mulia, pencairan batubara, kasus dekatpantai, sensitifitas, analisis keekonomian

OPTIMASI CO-PROCESSING DENGAN PENGATURAN RASIO PELARUT DAN BATUBARA: STUDI BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN Silalahi, Lambok Hilarius
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol 5, No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

A liquefaction process of heavy residue and South Banko coal so-called coprocessingin order to optimize the optimum weight ratio vacuum residue (VR) tocoal is studied. Vacuum residue is co-processed with and without coal incatalyzed reaction (?-FeOOH catalyst added with sulfur) at 450oC and 8MPa(initial cold-H2 pressure) for 1 hour. All the co-processing reactions are carriedout in 5 liter stirred-batch autoclave. It is found that the co-processing produceshigher distillates and lower residue compared with using creosote oil. Upgradingof vacuum residue without coal has shown that the reactivity of vacuum residueto stimulate the distillate production. It was confirmed that there is a synergisticeffect between heavy vacuum residue and South Banko coal. It may come fromfree radical of coal fragments that possibly weak or cracking the macro-molecularstructure of heavy vacuum oil. A set of heavy vacuum residue to South Bankocoal weight-ratio is tested at 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 for determining the effect of ratio onyield structure of the process. The distillate yield for ratio of 2.0 is higher thanother ratios. On the contrary the amount of residue produced is decreased. Thereis no significant changed on the hydrocarbon gases (C1-C4) yield when the ratiois increased from 2.0 to 2.5. A slightly decreased of C1-C4 Perolehan is observedwhen the ratio was increased to 3.0. The effect of changing ratio is not found onthe (CO+CO2) gas yield due to very small amount of oxygen content in thevacuum residue.Kata kunci: heavy vacuum residue, co-processing, south banko coal

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