Abdullah, A Rahman Tang
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The Advent of Capitalism and Malay Dilemma in Money Economy: The Foundation of Business Corporation and Cooperative Societies in Colonial Malaya Abdullah, A Rahman Tang
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 31, No 1 (2021): Maritime and Socio-Economic History of Indonesia
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v31i1.28926

Abstract

Abstract: This article discusses the Malay dilemma in facing the expansion of money economy in the Malay society in early 20th century Malaya. Historically, the advent of capitalism during this period instigated the growing importance of money economy. However, in the rural economy, the Malay commoners known as ‘rakyat’ were not widely exposed to money economy. The prevalence of money economy in the Malay society was limited to the Malay upper class of royal kinsmen and nobles because of their dominance over the surplus, notably found in the form of taxation imposed on the rakyat who were mostly peasants. This situation began to change in the beginning of the 20th century when credit facilities for agricultural activities became available for the Malay commoners that eventually paved the way for the rakyat to gradually venture into small businesses and be exposed to money economy. In order to address the problem related to indebtedness, there were initiatives to establish cooperative societies for rural credits. However, these initiatives were always overshadowed by the imposition of interests on the loans. This is because such interests were perceived as riba’ or usury, which were regarded as haram or impermissible in Islam. Nevertheless, based on historical circumstances, it can be argued that the establishment of cooperative societies was regarded as the more viable means than business ventures in incorporating the Malay peasant community into money economy. Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas dilema Melayu dalam menghadapi ekspansi ekonomi uang dalam masyarakat Melayu di Malaya awal abad ke-20. Secara historis, munculnya kapitalisme selama periode ini mendorong semakin pentingnya ekonomi uang. Namun, dalam perekonomian pedesaan, rakyat jelata Melayu yang dikenal sebagai 'rakyat' tidak banyak terekspos pada ekonomi uang. Prevalensi ekonomi uang dalam masyarakat Melayu terbatas pada kelas atas Melayu dari kerabat dan bangsawan kerajaan karena dominasi mereka atas surplus, terutama ditemukan dalam bentuk pajak yang dikenakan pada rakyat yang sebagian besar adalah petani. Situasi ini mulai berubah pada awal abad ke-20 ketika fasilitas kredit untuk kegiatan pertanian tersedia bagi rakyat jelata Melayu yang pada akhirnya membuka jalan bagi rakyat untuk secara bertahap terjun ke bisnis kecil dan terpapar pada ekonomi uang. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan hutang tersebut, maka terdapat inisiatif untuk membentuk perkumpulan koperasi untuk kredit pedesaan. Namun, inisiatif ini selalu dibayangi oleh pengenaan bunga atas pinjaman. Sebab, kepentingan tersebut dianggap sebagai riba yang dianggap haram atau tidak diperbolehkan dalam Islam. Namun demikian, berdasarkan keadaan historis, dapat dikatakan bahwa pendirian koperasi dianggap sebagai cara yang lebih layak daripada usaha bisnis dalam memasukkan masyarakat petani Melayu ke dalam ekonomi uang. 
Abu Bakar and the Conspiracy to Revive the Ancient Empire: Searching for Legitimacy in Johor-Pahang Relations Abdullah, A Rahman Tang
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 33, No 1 (2023): Social and Religious Aspect in History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v33i1.43220

Abstract

This article examines Abu Bakar’s involvement in other Malay states regarding the relations between Johor and Pahang in the 19th century. It argues that his ultimate aim was to consolidate his position in Johor’s territory and obtain recognition from other Malay rulers. This is because the existing view claims that Abu Bakar had the ambition to restore the ancient empire of Johor-Riau-Lingga under his hegemony. Indeed, this view is generalised by historians even though it remains merely speculative. Thus, the discussion here is to provide a conclusive argument that rejects this view by showing that his involvement in other Malay states' political affairs was to consolidate his position in Johor.Keywords: Abu Bakar, Johor, Pahang, Ancient Empire, Legitimacy  Artikel ini mengkaji keterlibatan Abu Bakar di negara-negara Melayu lainnya terkait hubungan Johor dan Pahang pada abad ke-19. Dikatakan bahwa tujuan utamanya adalah untuk mengkonsolidasikan posisinya di wilayah Johor dan mendapatkan pengakuan dari penguasa Melayu lainnya. Sebab pandangan yang ada mengklaim bahwa Abu Bakar berambisi mengembalikan kerajaan kuno Johor-Riau-Lingga di bawah hegemoninya. Memang, pandangan ini digeneralisasikan oleh para sejarawan meskipun masih bersifat spekulatif belaka. Dengan demikian, pembahasan di sini adalah untuk memberikan argumen konklusif yang menolak pandangan ini dengan menunjukkan bahwa keterlibatannya dalam urusan politik negara-negara Melayu lainnya adalah untuk mengkonsolidasikan posisinya di Johor.Kata kunci: Abu Bakar, Johor, Pahang, Kerajaan Kuno, Legitimasi 
Preserving Johor’s Independence in The 1880s: The Question of Abu Bakar’s Personal Standing Abdullah, A Rahman Tang
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 34, No 2 (2024): Disaster and Disease in History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v34i2.50308

Abstract

Abstract: There is a tendency among historians to argue that the main factor in the preservation of the independence of Johor was the political talent of its ruler, Abu Bakar, in resisting pressure from the Singapore authorities. Many would argue that Abu Bakar was successful in resisting the pressures from Frederick Weld, the Governor of the Straits Settlements, to extend the British Residential system to Johor in the mid-1880s by establishing diplomatic relations with the London authorities, notably the Colonial Office, which was used to play off Singapore. This article focuses on the issue surrounding Abu Bakar’s (1862-1895) personal standing in preserving Johor’s independence in the 1880s, which will include a discussion on the friction that existed between him and Sir Frederick Weld, the Governor of the Straits Settlements (1880-1887) in Singapore. The methodology employed in this paper is based on a historical presentation on the subject of discussion with the utilisation of primary sources complemented with secondary sources. The primary sources are mainly derived from the official British correspondence found in the Colonial Office Records, Volume 273 (CO273). The incorporation of the secondary sources refers to the existing writings by historians associated with the subject in discussion for the purpose of interpretation. This paper attempts to present the argument that Abu Bakar’s personal credibility in resisting pressure was effective only as long as he conformed to suit the British colonial interests that were preoccupied with economic rather than political means. Hence, I assert that Abu Bakar was able to preserve Johor’s internal independence as long as Johor remained economically dependent on Singapore and Abu Bakar was willing to abandon his economic means inside and outside Johor in conformity to the British colonial policy in the Malay states.Abstrak: Artikel ini berfokus pada isu seputar kedudukan pribadi Abu Bakar (1862-1895) dalam melestarikan kemerdekaan Johor pada tahun 1880-an, yang akan mencakup diskusi tentang gesekan yang terjadi antara dirinya dan Sir Frederick Weld, Gubernur Straits Settlements (1880-1887) di Singapura. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam makalah ini didasarkan pada penyajian historis tentang subjek diskusi dengan pemanfaatan sumber-sumber primer yang dilengkapi dengan sumber-sumber sekunder. Sumber-sumber primer sebagian besar berasal dari korespondensi resmi Inggris yang ditemukan dalam Colonial Office Records, Volume 273 (CO273). Penggabungan sumber-sumber sekunder mengacu pada tulisan-tulisan yang ada oleh para sejarawan yang terkait dengan subjek yang dibahas untuk tujuan interpretasi. Makalah ini mencoba menyajikan argumen bahwa kredibilitas pribadi Abu Bakar dalam melawan tekanan hanya efektif selama ia menyesuaikan diri dengan kepentingan kolonial Inggris yang lebih mementingkan cara-cara ekonomi daripada cara-cara politik. Oleh karena itu, saya menegaskan bahwa Abu Bakar mampu mempertahankan kemerdekaan internal Johor selama Johor tetap bergantung secara ekonomi pada Singapura dan Abu Bakar bersedia meninggalkan cara-cara ekonominya di dalam dan di luar Johor sesuai dengan kebijakan kolonial Inggris di negara-negara Melayu.