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Adhikari, Shukra Raj
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Vedic Aryan Society and Pattern of Production System Adhikari, Shukra Raj
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 30, No 2 (2020): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v30i2.24349

Abstract

History is the sequential chain of the social structure of human beings. The Vedic Aryan society represents ancient human society. The main objective of this article is to find out the production system of livelihoods and the source of the means of production adopted by the Vedic Aryans. Based on historical facts of ancient civilization obtained through secondary sources, which have been analyzed through historical content analysis method. An attempt has been made in this article to find out the method of production of livelihoods and the source of production adopted by the Vedic Aryans. Men to be more involved in the expansion of resources and livestock and agricultural land, and as women were managing domestic work, the ownership of men over resources increased. Due to the process of state-building, regarding the ownership of resources, it appears that the resources were in the collective right of the family and couldn’t be sold or bought without the permission of the head of the family. We concluded that Mentioned facts are analog to the theory of production system of Karl Marx Sejarah adalah rantai sekuensial dari struktur sosial manusia. Masyarakat Arya Weda mewakili masyarakat manusia purba. Tujuan utama artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui sistem produksi mata pencaharian dan sumber alat produksi yang diadopsi oleh Arya Weda. Berdasarkan fakta sejarah peradaban kuno diperoleh melalui sumber-sumber sekunder yang dianalisis melalui metode analisis isi sejarah. Sebuah upaya telah dilakukan dalam artikel ini untuk mengetahui metode produksi mata pencaharian dan sumber produksi yang diadopsi oleh para Arya Weda. Laki-laki untuk lebih terlibat dalam perluasan sumber daya dan ternak serta lahan pertanian, dan ketika perempuan mengelola pekerjaan rumah tangga, kepemilikan laki-laki atas sumber daya meningkat. Dalam proses pembangunan negara, mengenai kepemilikan sumber daya, tampak bahwa sumber daya tersebut merupakan hak kolektif keluarga dan tidak dapat dijual atau dibeli tanpa izin kepala keluarga. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa fakta yang disebutkan adalah analog dengan teori sistem produksi Karl Marx 
Gender Inequality in Historical Context of The Mahabharata Period: Analysis Through the Sociological Vantage Point Adhikari, Shukra Raj; Adhikari, Bhawani Shankar; Acharya, Ganga
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 34, No 2 (2024): Disaster and Disease in History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v34i2.50309

Abstract

Abstract: Gender is a kind of unit of socio-cultural structure which is always socio-culturally and historically constructed. To identify and analyze gender, historical, social, and cultural structures must be traced from the ancient literary scriptures. The gender study of the ancient time becomes possible only through the history, scriptures, religions, and literature produced in the ancient period. Therefore, the research has focused on identifying and analyzing the gender inequality in the period of The Mahabharata’s social structure. The historical content analysis method has been used to collect and analyze the data to achieve the objective. The gender inequality has been found in the society of The Mahabharata period. Men have been found superior to dominate the women who have been victimized through polygyny and polyandry. The men have been depicted as superior and the women as inferior in the socio-cultural structure of The Mahabharata.  The women seem to be found as whores and as the sexual abuse of the male characters because of the power domination of the patriarchal system in which men have been in the position of resource gaining and resource holding that seems to have been witnessed abundant in The Mahabharata era.  The women are submissive and loyal to their husbands and have been used as commodities by male characters. Such conditions of women characters in the period of The Mahabharata era have been aptly found to be the outcome of the theory of the mode of production and the principle of the patriarchy. Abstrak: Gender merupakan salah satu unit struktur sosial budaya yang senantiasa dikonstruksi secara sosial budaya dan historis. Untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis gender, struktur historis, sosial, dan budaya harus ditelusuri dari kitab suci sastra kuno. Kajian gender pada masa lampau hanya mungkin dilakukan melalui sejarah, kitab suci, agama, dan sastra yang dihasilkan pada masa lampau. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini difokuskan pada identifikasi dan analisis ketimpangan gender pada periode struktur sosial Mahabharata. Metode analisis isi historis digunakan untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data guna mencapai tujuan. Ketimpangan gender ditemukan dalam masyarakat pada periode Mahabharata. Laki-laki dianggap lebih unggul dalam mendominasi perempuan yang menjadi korban poligami dan poliandri. Laki-laki digambarkan sebagai pihak yang lebih unggul dan perempuan sebagai pihak yang lebih rendah dalam struktur sosial budaya Mahabharata. Perempuan tampaknya ditemukan sebagai pelacur dan sebagai korban pelecehan seksual terhadap tokoh laki-laki karena dominasi kekuasaan sistem patriarki yang menempatkan laki-laki pada posisi sebagai pihak yang memperoleh dan menguasai sumber daya yang tampaknya telah banyak disaksikan pada era Mahabharata. Para wanita tersebut ternyata tunduk dan loyal kepada suami mereka, dan mereka telah dijadikan komoditas oleh tokoh-tokoh laki-laki. Kondisi tokoh-tokoh wanita tersebut pada periode Mahabharata secara tepat telah ditemukan sebagai hasil dari teori cara produksi sekaligus prinsip patriarki. 
E-learning Method and University Life of Married Female Students in Patriarchal Social Structure in Sociological Perspective Adhikari, Shukra Raj; Adhikari, Bhawani Shankar; Acharya, Ganga
Forum Ilmu Sosial Vol. 51 No. 1 (2024): June 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/fis.v51i1.5218

Abstract

Education is a process and means of human empowerment and social transformation. There are both formal and informal practices in educational processes. University is a unit of the formal education system that provides specific knowledge and skills in a universal context.  Face-to-face teaching is traditionally practiced as the teaching pedagogy in university education in Nepal. This paper analyzes the challenges and opportunities of e-learning for married female students within the university context under the patriarchal social structure. Married female students’ in-depth interviews based on the challenges and opportunities they faced in the e-learning system in university education have prepared the cases through their narratives as the primary date of the research. The cases have been collected by purposive sampling through the university level of students. The content analysis method has analyzed both primary and secondary data types. Married female students have been found to suffer from problems with individual devices, financial problems, computer literacy, regularity of electricity, and poor internet quality. Similarly, they have to face house-loaded problems during class time. They have the opportunity to manage household activities and adapt to new technology in learning, saving travel time and cost under the e-learning system of university life. The theoretical explanation of patriarchy only gets partially analog except for the partial application of its assumptions in the e-learning system, mainly for the married female students of the university.
Glimpse of Ancient Social History through the Social Structure of The Mahabharata Period Adhikari, Shukra Raj; Adhikari, Bhawani Shankar; Acharya, Ganga; Dahal, Samyog; Adhikari, Bijaya; Sharma, Tilak
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 34, No 1 (2024): The Election and Political History
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v34i1.47901

Abstract

The Mahabharata is one of the historical literature that displays the historical linkage of the sociocultural structure of contemporary society. In this context, this paper has focused on exploring the economic system, family structure, marriage patterns, slavery system, political leadership, Ashram system, and the dimensions of conflict as the social history and parts of the social structure of The Mahabharata period. It reflects a historical glimpse of an earlier epoch of 500 BC. Nowadays, observing and visiting the ancient social structure of the Mahabharata period is impossible. So, historical data was collected through the historical content analysis method as secondary sources to gain the objective. The objective-wise thematic stanzas and historical interpretations of The Mahabharata have been collected as qualitative data. Similarly, primary data was gathered using the experts’ interaction method. The content analysis method has been used to analyze this study’s primary and secondary data types. The social and cultural structure of the Mahabharata period was found to be constructed on the foundation of the historical context of slavery and the feudalistic mode of production system. The slavery and feudalistic social structure are always linked to patriarchal and patrilineage socio-cultural practices. Based on this background and roots, the social structure of The Mahabharata has been shaped, formed, and determined. These facts are congruent with the theoretical mode of production and interpretation of Marxism’s conflict-oriented perspective.Mahabharata merupakan salah satu karya sastra sejarah yang menampilkan keterkaitan sejarah dengan struktur sosiokultural masyarakat kontemporer. Dalam konteks ini, tulisan ini fokus mengeksplorasi sistem ekonomi, struktur keluarga, pola perkawinan, sistem perbudakan, kepemimpinan politik, sistem ashram, dan dimensi konflik sebagai sejarah sosial dan bagian dari struktur sosial periode Mahabharata. Ini mencerminkan sekilas sejarah dari zaman awal tahun 500 SM. Saat ini, mengamati dan mengunjungi struktur sosial kuno pada masa Mahabharata adalah hal yang mustahil. Jadi, data sejarah dikumpulkan melalui metode analisis isi sejarah sebagai sumber sekunder untuk mencapai tujuan. Bait tematik objektif dan interpretasi sejarah Mahabharata dikumpulkan sebagai data kualitatif. Demikian pula, data primer dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode interaksi para ahli. Metode analisis isi digunakan untuk menganalisis jenis data primer dan sekunder penelitian ini. Struktur sosial dan budaya periode Mahabharata ditemukan dibangun di atas fondasi konteks sejarah perbudakan dan cara sistem produksi feodalistik. Perbudakan dan struktur sosial yang feodalistik selalu dikaitkan dengan praktik sosial budaya yang bersifat patriarki dan patrilinease. Berdasarkan latar belakang dan akar tersebut, struktur sosial Mahabharata dibentuk, dibentuk, dan ditentukan. Fakta-fakta ini selaras dengan cara produksi teoritis dan interpretasi perspektif berorientasi konflik Marxisme.
Co-Authors Acharya, Ganga Adhikari, Bhawani Shankar Adhikari, Bijaya Dahal, Samyog Sharma, Tilak