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Ramakrishnan, Sivakumar
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

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Journal : bulletin of chemical reaction engineering

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Optimal Suppression of Photocatalytic Activity of Hybrid TiO2 Particles in Epoxy Thin Film by Using Taguchi Method Muniandy, Sunderishwary S.; Soon, Tan Sek; Pung, Swee Yong; Ramakrishnan, Sivakumar
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2024: BCREC Volume 19 Issue 3 Year 2024 (October 2024)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20164

Abstract

In this study, two different Al2O3-TiO2 and SiO2-TiO2 hybrid TiO2 particles were synthesised by using silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) to suppress the photocatalysis of TiO2. Key variables such as the concentration of the hybridization material (C), heating temperature (Th), and calcinating temperature (Tc) were selected with performance measured by photodegradation rate. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, a systematic approach used in the design of experiments (DOE), confirmed A333 (Al2O3-TiO2) achieved 99% photodegradation suppression with photodegradation rate reduced significantly from 0.01305 min−1 to 0.00009 min−1 and improved yellowing resistance by 63%, while S323 (SiO2-TiO2) achieved 75% suppression with photocatalysis activity decreased from 0.01305 min−1 to 0.0033 min−1 and 42% improved resistance. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed A333 had a higher rutile phase (40.1% vs. 10.2% for S323), and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analyses revealed A333's rougher surface and lower surface area compared to S323 and pure TiO2. Overall, A333 effectively suppressed photocatalysis and improved yellowing resistance of epoxy thin film. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Designing A Visible Light Driven TiO2-Based Photocatalyst by Doping and Co-Doping with Niobium (Nb) and Boron (B) Yeoh, Jia Zheng; Chan, Phei Lim; Pung, Swee Yong; Ramakrishnan, Sivakumar; Joseph, Collin Glen; Chen, Chia Yun
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2024: BCREC Volume 19 Issue 2 Year 2024 (August 2024)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20137

Abstract

Water pollution has emerged as a significant worldwide issue, with organic pollutants being a key contributor. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has demonstrated promising photocatalytic performance in removing organic pollutants under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. However, the wide band gap (3.2 eV) of TiO2 results in low absorption capacity of visible light, hindering its overall efficiency in degrading organic pollutants. To address the limitation, this research aimed to synthesize visible light-driven TiO2 photocatalyst with different polymorphs (anatase and rutile) and investigate the effect of various doping combination (Nb, B and Nb,B) and concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mol%) on the photodegradation efficiency towards methylene blue (MB) dye solution. Anatase phase was obtained when TiO2-based nanopowders were calcined at 400 °C, while the rutile phase was formed at 900 °C based on XRD analyses. Additionally, the morphology analyses revealed that the particle size of anatase is much smaller than that of rutile. The presence of dopants further reduced the particle size of both anatase and rutile phases. Based on UV-Vis absorbance spectra analyses, the anatase Nb,B-TiO2 with 0.50 mol% of dopant concentration exhibited the best photocatalytic performance towards MB. Moreover, the anatse phase of 0.50 mol% Nb,B-TiO2 showed the narrowest band gap of 2.74 eV compared to the TiO2 (3.4 eV), representing a reduction of 19.41 %, according to UV-Vis analyses. These outcomes suggest the potential application of anatase phase of 0.50 mol% Nb,B-TiO2 in treating organic pollutants in wastewater under visible light conditions in future. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Kinetics Model and Optimization for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue over Ag/TiO2 Catalyst Kadem, Amna Jwad; Lau, Xian Jin; Pung, Swee Yong; Sreekantan, Srimala; Ramakrishnan, Sivakumar
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2025: BCREC Volume 20 Issue 3 Year 2025 (October 2025)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20411

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles are widely used as photocatalysts due to their stability, low toxicity, and relatively low cost. However, their application is limited by a wide bandgap and a high recombination rate. This project investigated the photocatalytic performance of Ag/TiO2 catalyst, prepared by coupling Ag metal to TiO2 using the liquid impregnation method. The photocatalytic activity of different concentrations of Ag metal solutions and different pH levels of Ag/TiO2 catalyst under UV and visible light irradiation was observed. It was shown that Ag/TiO2 catalyst had the best photodegradation efficiency (83.82%) and the highest rate constant (0.03298 min-1) in 50 ppm Ag metal concentration and at pH 5 under UV light irradiation. The operating conditions were optimised by using the Design of Experiment (DOE) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to obtain optimum photodegradation efficiency (PE). The optimum parameters were 22.6263 ppm Ag metal solution and pH of 5, which were estimated to produce the highest photodegradation efficiency (84.0006 %) and rate constant (0.0321 min-1). The concentration of the methylene blue (MB) followed a first-order exponential decay and showed a decreasing trend from its initial concentration. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation rate of MB has been modelled successfully by Power Law kinetic model derived from the Langmuir-Hinshelwood framework. Numerical and analytical methods were implemented to solve the Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation, and both methods were very effective in agreement with the trend shown by the experimental data. In terms of photodegradation efficiency, the kinetic model has slightly over predicted the experimental model due to some minor experimental error, but the experimental data effectively complied with the theoretical micro kinetics investigations simulated using Power Law kinetic model. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Co-Authors Chan, Phei Lim Chen, Chia Yun Joseph, Collin Glen Kadem, Amna Jwad Lau, Xian Jin Muniandy, Sunderishwary S. Pung, Swee Yong Soon, Tan Sek Sreekantan, Srimala Yeoh, Jia Zheng