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Battaglia, Antonello
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Giovanna Motta Baroni in camicia rossa, Passigli, Firenze 2011. ISBN: 978-88-36812-62-2 Battaglia, Antonello
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 2 No. 2 (2011): May 2011
Publisher : Richtmann Publishing

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Book Review: Giovanna Motta Baroni in camicia rossa, Passigli, Firenze 2011. ISBN: 978-88-36812-62-2
Italian Mediterranean Policy and Russia Between “Risorgimento” and the “Great War” Battaglia, Antonello
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 2 No. 3 (2011): September 2011
Publisher : Richtmann Publishing

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The Mediterranean has been an area of great importance for Italian and Russian foreign policies. The great Tsarist empire,although being landlocked, has always shown great interest for the Mediterranean Sea. In particular the Tsarist policy has been directedtoward the strategic Straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles, whose eventual conquest would have allowed the introduction into theMediterranean routes. This policy was due to the lack of ports on "warm seas”. The only ports consisted of Archangel, Odessa, St.Petersburg and Riga, some of which are frozen for much of the year and at all ports rarely used. The Crimean War – in which took partalso the Kingdom of Sardinia - was the first post-Napoleonic international conflict that opposed Europe to the “Mediterraneanobjectives” of Russia. After the defeat, the Tsarist foreign policy aspirations temporarily abandoned the Mediterranean Sea, while thenascent Italy (1861) began to organize a first plan of maritime hegemony. The policies of the two powers collided in 1912 when Italy, inwar with the Ottoman Empire, in two occasions forced the Dardanelles. The Russian foreign minister, Sergei Dmitrievich Sazonovprotested strongly because Russia would not admit a new power in the Straits’s management. The moment of crisis, however, did not erasethe good relationships between the two peoples that had been consolidated into a tragic circumstance: the “Strait earthquake” of 1908 inwhich the city of Messina was promptly rescued by Russian sailors in practice - permitted by the government of Rome - in Italian waters.The synergy between Italy and Russia turned into an alliance in April 26, 1915 when Italy signed in London an alliance with theTriple Entente composed by Great Britain, France and Russia to fight in a war that was starting to destroy the European continent.
The Holy See and the Crimean Crisis (1853-1856): The Menacing Savoy’s Expansionism Battaglia, Antonello
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 8 (2012): Special Issue
Publisher : Richtmann Publishing

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At the beginning of the Crimean War, the Holy See played a major role in the international policy debate. The Pope Pius IXtook an ambiguous policy by putting pressure on the continental powers to declare war against the Orthodox Russian Empire of NicholasI, but at the same time he didn’t want that Austria took part in the war.The apparent contradictory papal policy hides a coherent project:defeating Russian Empire, its expansionism and asserts the Roman’s superiority over the orthodox faith, but at the same time Austriamust not act because Vienna is the order’s guarantor in Italian peninsula. If Austrian Emperor goes to war, he’ll remove his men from theLombard-Venetian front sending them to the east and, especially, this situation can be an opportunity for the Kingdom of Sardinia’sexpansionism or for Italian revolutionaries to destabilize the peninsula and also Holy See’s territorial integrity. This is the position of thepontifical diplomacy at the beginning of the War.
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