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European Macro-Regional Strategies and Approaches: Baltic Sea and Danube Experiences and the New Perspective for Adriatic-Ionian Cooperation Bassetti, Caterina; Carteny, Andrea
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 8 (2012): Special Issue
Publisher : Richtmann Publishing

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Abstract

European Union aims to extend the stability and democracy area within and outside the current EU borders. To this purposethe reduction of inequalities between different regions represents one of the Union main goals. The Macro-Region strategy represents aninnovative pragmatic model of multilevel governance that involves in an open and shared dialogue all of the actors according to anintegrate approach: EU, States, regional and local authorities and the civil society. The authors trace the European legislative path in thisfield highlighting how the strategy could represent the sunset of the sector-based approach in the resolution of Macro-Regional urgentissues.
Volunteers’ Employment and Counterinsurgency in Italy: The Case the Hungarian Legion (1861-1862) Carteny, Andrea
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 11 (2012): November 2012 - Special Issue
Publisher : Richtmann Publishing

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Abstract

In South-Italy the brigandage is a complex phenomenon, deeply popular and culturally reactionary: a “greatbrigandage” emerged in dangerous and structural forms after the fall of the last Bourbon king and the Italian unification under theSavoy dynasty, in 1861. From the “Mille” expedition and the conquest of redshirts leaded by Garibaldi, the Southern Army andthe Italian Army fought against the brigandage as a real insurgency movement supported by Bourbons’ loyalists and Catholicenvironments. In the campaign of banditism’s repression a particular case was the employment of volunteers, as the formerGaribaldi’s Hungarian Legion. From the General Staff Army’s Historical Archive the documents show both Command’s strategyand local tactics in the Hungarian practices. The concentration of the legionaries in Nocera (March 1861) and the growingnumber of effectives in few months (less than 1 thousand) gave the opportunity of their employment for more than 1 year in alarge area of Southern regions. The Hungarian legionaries’ mutiny, in July 1862, rised at the same time of the Garibaldi’sexpedition from South to Rome, blocked in August at the Aspromonte. After the disarm of the soldiers, the calling back to Torinomeant the risk of his dissolution. Only a complete reorganization, in 1863, allowed to employ back a new Legion until 1867.