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All Journal Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Dharmashree Satyarup1, Manish Kumar2, Radha Prasanna Dalai3, Karishma R. Rathor4
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Public Health

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Basic Package for Oral Care: A Means to Tackle Community Dental Needs Dharmashree Satyarup1, Manish Kumar2, Radha Prasanna Dalai3, Karishma R. Rathor4
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.13000

Abstract

There exists a gaping rift between the available dental services and the need for dental care in communities,giving rise to the ‘inverse care law’. WHO in collaboration with the University of Nijmegen, worked alongthe principles of Primary Health Care (PHC) to give the Basic Package of Oral Care (BPOC) which isdesigned to cater to the dental needs of outreach populations within the confines of minimum resourcessuch as lack of electricity and dental setup, for a maximum effect of providing emergency, preventive andcurative dental care. Implementing BPOC with prudent use of existing PHC workforce, local resources andcollaboration with NGOs could be the best answer to tackling the dental needs of communities.
Confounding and Effect Modification in Research Dharmashree Satyarup1, Manish Kumar2, Radha Prasanna Dalai3, Karishma R. Rathor4
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 4 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.13005

Abstract

An association that is not causal (Alternate explanations) is seen between outcome and exposure wheneverthe study has confounding factors, bias and random error/chance error. Bias in any study leads to systematicvariation of inferences or results or interpretations from the true picture. One of the most important biasencountered during research is confounding. Confounding is seen when a variable is observed to be associatedwith both the exposure and the outcome but is not a part of the causal pathway. Confounding factors, whenpresent, in any study, are the “Nuisance” and can be the cause in part or in full of the observed associationbetween the disease and exposure. Effect modification, on the other hand, is seen when various effects arebrought about among different subgroups by an exposure and this can be handled by doing stratification. It isthe outcome that is linked to the effect modification and not the exposure. This article will define and discussin detail confounding, and the concept of effect modification so that drawing conclusions of a study can bedone after considering these errors.
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